Deleted:List of spaceflight records

From WikiAlpha
Jump to: navigation, search
The below content is licensed according to Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License contrary to the public domain logo at the foot of the page. It originally appeared on http://en.wikipedia.org. The original article might still be accessible here. You may be able to find a list of the article's previous contributors on the talk page.

File:Gemini 7 in orbit - GPN-2006-000035.jpg
The first space rendezvous was accomplished by Gemini 6A and Gemini 7 in 1965.

Records and firsts in spaceflight are broadly divided into crewed and uncrewed categories. Records involving animal spaceflight have also been noted in earlier experimental flights, typically to establish the feasibility of sending humans to outer space.

The notion of "firsts" in spaceflight follows a long tradition of firsts in aviation, but is also closely tied to the Space Race. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union and the United States competed to be the first countries to accomplish various feats. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial orbital satellite. In 1961, Soviet Vostok 1 cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to enter space and orbit the Earth, and in 1969 American Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the Moon. No human has traveled beyond low Earth orbit since 1972, when the Apollo program ended.

During the 1970s, the Soviet Union directed its energies to human habitation of space stations of increasingly long durations. In the 1980s, the United States began launching its Space Shuttles, which carried larger crews and thus could increase the number of people in space at a given time. Following their first mission of détente on the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the Soviet Union and the United States again collaborated with each other on the Shuttle-Mir initiative, efforts which led to the International Space Station (ISS), which has been continuously inhabited by humans for over 20 years.

Other firsts in spaceflight involve demographics, private enterprise, and distance. Dozens of countries have sent at least one traveler to space. In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space, aboard Vostok 6. In the early 21st century, private companies joined government agencies in crewed spaceflight: in 2004, the sub-orbital spaceplane SpaceShipOne became the first privately funded crewed craft to enter space; in 2020, SpaceX's Dragon 2 became the first privately developed crewed vehicle to reach orbit when it ferried a crew to the ISS. As of Template:Year, the uncrewed probe Voyager 1 is the most distant artificial object from the Earth, part of a small class of vehicles that are leaving the Solar System.

Contents

First independent suborbital and orbital human spaceflight by country

Country Mission Crew Spacecraft Launch vehicle Date Type
Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR[1] Vostok 1[1] Yuri Gagarin[1] Vostok 3KA[1] Vostok-K[1] 12 April 1961[1] Orbital[1]
23x15px USA[2] Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7)[2] Alan Shepard[2] Mercury Spacecraft No.7[2] Mercury-Redstone[2] 5 May 1961[2] Sub-orbital[2]
23x15px USA[3] Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7)[3] John Glenn[3] Mercury Spacecraft No.13[3] Atlas LV-3B 20 February 1962[3] Orbital[3]
Template:Country data USSR USSR Soyuz 18A Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov Soyuz 7K-T Soyuz 11A511 5 April 1975 Sub-orbital
Template:Country data RUS Russia Soyuz TM-14 Aleksandr Viktorenko, Aleksandr Kaleri, Klaus-Dietrich Flade Soyuz-TM Soyuz-U2 17 March 1992 Orbital
Template:Country data China China[4] Shenzhou 5[4] Yang Liwei[4] Shenzhou spacecraft[4] Long March 2F[4] 15 October 2003[4] Orbital[4]
Template:Country data RUS Russia Soyuz MS-10 Aleksey Ovchinin, Nick Hague Soyuz-MS Soyuz-FG 11 October 2018 Sub-orbital

Human spaceflight firsts

Template:More citations needed section Note: Some space records are disputed as a result of ambiguities surrounding the border of space. Most records follow the FAI definition of the space border which the FAI sets at an altitude of 100 km (62.14 mi). By contrast, the NASA-, USAF- and FAA-defined border of space is at 50 mi (80.47 km).

First Person(s) Mission Country Date
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}} Yuri Gagarin Vostok 1[5] Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 12 April 1961
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}} Alan Shepard Freedom 7 23x15px USA 5 May 1961
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}} Gherman Titov Vostok 2 Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 6 August 1961 –
7 August 1961
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 12 August 1962 –
15 August 1962
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}} Valentina Tereshkova Vostok 6[6] Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 16 June 1963 –
19 June 1963
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}} Joe Walker X-15 Flight 90 23x15px USA 19 July 1963
Person to enter space twice (suborbital flights above 100 kilometres (62 mi)) Joe Walker X-15 Flights 90 and 91 23x15px USA 22 August 1963
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
Voskhod 1[5] Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 12 October 1964 –
13 October 1964
Spacewalk Alexei Leonov Voskhod 2[5] Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 18 March 1965
Orbital maneuvers (change orbit) Gus Grissom, John W. Young Gemini 3[5] 23x15px USA 23 March 1965
Person to fly two orbital spaceflights Gordon Cooper
23x15px USA
  • 15 May 1963 –
    16 May 1963
  • 21 August 1965 –
    29 August 1965
Persons to spend one week in space
Gemini 5 23x15px USA 21 August 1965 –
29 August 1965
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
23x15px USA 15 December 1965 –
16 December 1965
Space docking
200px
Gemini 8 and Agena[5] 23x15px USA 16 March 1966
Multiple (dual) rendezvous (with Agena 10, then Agena 8)[7]
Gemini 10 23x15px USA
  • 19 July 1966
  • 20 July 1966
Spaceflight death (during landing) Vladimir Komarov Soyuz 1 Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 23 April 1967 –
24 April 1967
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}} Walter Schirra
23x15px USA 22 October 1968
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
200px
Apollo 8 23x15px USA 24 December 1968 –
25 December 1968
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 16 January 1969
Solo flight around the Moon John Young Apollo 10 23x15px USA 22 May 1969
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
200px
Apollo 11 23x15px USA 20 July 1969
Five people in space at the same time
Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 12 October 1969 –
13 October 1969
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 13 October 1969 –
16 October 1969
Person to complete four spaceflights James A. Lovell
23x15px USA 17 April 1970
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}} James A. Lovell
23x15px USA 11 April 1970 –
17 April 1970
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
23x15px USA 11 April 1970 –
17 April 1970
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
Soyuz 9 Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 1 June 1970 –
19 June 1970
People to EVA out of sight of their spacecraft
Apollo 14 23x15px USA 6 February 1971
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 22 April 1971 –
24 April 1971
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
200px
Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 7 June 1971 –
29 June 1971
People to travel in a wheeled vehicle on a planetary body other than Earth
200px
Apollo 15 23x15px USA 31 July 1971–
2 August 1971
Deep space EVA (trans-Earth trajectory) Al Worden Apollo 15 23x15px USA 5 August 1971
Person to be in lunar orbit twice (during separate lunar expeditions) John W. Young
23x15px USA 16 April 1972 –
27 April 1972
People in orbit for four weeks
Skylab 2 23x15px USA 25 May 1973 –
22 June 1973
People in orbit for eight weeks
Skylab 3 23x15px USA 28 July 1973 –
25 September 1973
People in orbit for 12 weeks
Skylab 4 23x15px USA 16 November 1973 –
8 February 1974
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}} Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov Soyuz 18a Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 5 April 1975
First international docking Thomas P. Stafford, Vance D. Brand, Donald K. Slayton – USA

Alexei Leonov, Valeri Kubasov – USSR

Apollo CSM, Soyuz 19 23x15pxUSA

Template:Country data Soviet UnionUSSR

17 July 1975
Crew to visit occupied space station Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Oleg Makarov Soyuz 27 visits Salyut 6 EO-1 crew Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 10 January 1978 –
16 January 1978
People in orbit 19 weeks
(4 months) 		Vladimir Kovalyonok, Aleksandr Ivanchenkov Salyut 6 EO-2, Soyuz 29-Soyuz 31 Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 15 June 1978 –
2 November 1978
People in orbit 26 weeks
(6 months) 		Leonid Popov, Valery Ryumin Salyut 6 EO-4, Soyuz 35-Soyuz 37 Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 9 April 1980 –
11 October 1980
  • Spaceflight (orbital) by winged spacecraft
  • Reuseable spacecraft (partially expendable launch vehicle)
STS-1 23x15px USA 12 April 1981
Person to fly four different types of spacecraft John W. Young
  • Gemini
  • Apollo
  • Lunar Module
  • Space Shuttle
 23x15px USA 12 April 1981
Person to complete five spaceflights John W. Young
23x15px USA 14 April 1981
Four-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft
STS-5 23x15px USA 11 November 1982 –
16 November 1982
Five-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft
STS-7 23x15px USA 18 June 1983 –
24 June 1983
Six-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft
STS-9
28 November 1983 –
8 December 1983
Person to complete six spaceflights John W. Young
23x15px USA 8 December 1983
Untethered spacewalk
200px
 Bruce McCandless II STS-41-B[8] 23x15px USA 7 February 1984
Eight people in space at the same time (no docking)
Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10, STS-41-B
8 February 1984 –
11 February 1984
11 people in space at the same time (no docking)
STS-41-C, Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11
6 April 1984 –
11 April 1984
People to complete four spacewalks during the same mission Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov Salyut 7 Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 26 April –
18 May 1984
Spacewalk by a woman Svetlana Savitskaya Soyuz T-12 Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 25 July 1984
Welding in space Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Svetlana Savitskaya Salyut 7, Soyuz T-12 Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 25 July 1984
People in orbit 33 weeks (7 months) Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov, Oleg Atkov Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11 Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 8 February 1984 –
2 October 1984
Seven-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft
200px
STS-41-G
5 October 1984 –
13 October 1984
Two women in space at the same time Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride STS-41-G 23x15px USA 5 October 1984 –
13 October 1984
Partial crew exchange at a space station Alexander Volkov, Vladimir Vasyutin replace Vladimir Dzhanibekov Soyuz T-14, Salyut 7 Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 17 September 1985 –
26 September 1985
Eight-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft
200px
STS-61-A
30 October 1985 –
6 November 1985
Deaths during launch
STS-51-L 23x15px USA 28 January 1986
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
Soyuz T-15 from Mir to Salyut 7 back to Mir[9] Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 15 March 1986 –
16 July 1986
Complete crew exchange at a space station Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov replace Yuri Romanenko, Alexander Alexandrov Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TM-3, at Mir Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 21 December 1987 –
29 December 1987
People in orbit 52 weeks (one year) Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov Mir EO-3, Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-6 Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 21 December 1987 –
21 December 1988
12 people in space at the same time (no docking)
STS-35, Mir EO-7, Soyuz TM-10Soyuz TM-11
2 December 1990 –
10 December 1990
First civilian to use a commercial space flight, and the first journalist to report on space from outer space. Toyohiro Akiyama – Japan Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-11 Template:Country data Japan Japan 2 December 1990 –
10 December 1990
Three women in space at the same time Millie Hughes-Fulford, Tamara E. Jernigan, M. Rhea Seddon STS-40 23x15px USA 5 June 1991 –
14 June 1991
Three-person spacewalk
200px
STS-49 23x15px USA 13 May 1992
13 people in space at the same time (no docking)
STS-67, Mir, Soyuz TM-20, Soyuz TM-21
14 March 1995 –
18 March 1995
Ten people in a single spacecraft (docking)
200px
STS-71, Mir, Soyuz TM-21
29 June 1995 –
4 July 1995
Space tourist Dennis Tito Soyuz TM-32/31, ISS EP-1
April 28, 2001 –
May 6, 2001
Person to complete seven trips to space Jerry L. Ross
23x15px USA 19 April 2002
Privately funded human space flight (suborbital)
200px
 Mike Melvill SpaceShipOne flight 15P 23x15px USA 21 June 2004
13 people in a single spacecraft (docking)[10]
200px
ISS, Soyuz TMA-14, Soyuz TMA-15, STS-127
17 July 2009
Four women in space at the same time (docking)
200px
5 April 2010 –
20 April 2010
Six spacecraft docked to a space station
9 July 2018
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
18 October 2019
bulleted}}[11][12]
200px
30 May 2020 –
31 May 2020
16 people in space (50 miles) at the same time (no docking)
11 July 2021
14 people in space (100 km) at the same time (no docking)
20 July 2021
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
Inspiration4 Template:Country data USA USA 16 September 2021 –
18 September 2021
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
Inspiration4 Template:Country data USA USA 16 September 2021 –
18 September 2021
14 people in orbit at the same time (no docking)
16 September 2021 –
17 September 2021
19 people in space (100 km) at the same time (no docking)
11 December 2021
{{safesubst:#invoke:list|bulleted}}
Axiom Mission 1 To ISS
8 April 2022 –
18 April 2022
  • Simultaneous continuous inhabitation of two crewed space stations
5 June 2022 –
5 women in space at the same time (no docking)
5 October 2022 -
14 October 2022

Most spaceflights

Most orbital launches from Earth

Most orbital launches overall

  • 7 launches
    • John W. Young (USA[13]) launched from Earth 6 times (two Gemini, two Apollo Command Module, two Space Shuttle) and from the Moon once (Apollo Lunar Module Ascent Stage) (1965–1983)
    • Jerry L. Ross (USA[10]), Space Shuttle (1985–2002)
    • Franklin Chang Díaz (Costa Rica/USA*[10]), Space Shuttle (1986–2002)

Largest number of different spacecraft at launch (from Earth only)

  • 3 spacecraft
    • Walter Schirra (USA) – launched aboard a Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo (1962–1968)
    • John W. Young (USA) – launched aboard a Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle (1965–1983)
    • Soichi Noguchi (Japan) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2005–2020)
    • Shane Kimbrough (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2008–2021)
    • Akihiko Hoshide (Japan) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2008–2021)
    • Thomas Marshburn (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2007–2021)
    • Michael López-Alegría (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (1995–2022)
    • Koichi Wakata (Japan) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (1996–2022)

Largest number of different launch vehicles (overall)

  • 4 launch vehicles
    • John W. Young (USA) – launched from Earth aboard a Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle, and launched from the Moon aboard the Apollo Lunar Module Ascent Stage

Largest number of different launch sites

Note: SpaceShipTwo flights are suborbital. SpaceShipTwo flights surpass the U.S. definition of spaceflight (50 mi ()), but fall short of the Kármán line (100 km ()), the FAI definition used for most space recordkeeping.

Duration records

Total human spaceflight time by country

Template:TotalHumanSpaceFlightByNation

Most time in space

The record for most time in space is held by Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka, who has spent 878 days in space over five missions. On 28 June 2015, Padalka surpassed the previous record holder, cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev, who spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes (about 2.2 years) during six spaceflights on Soyuz, the Space Shuttle, Mir, and the International Space Station. Second place is currently held by Yuri Malenchenko, who has spent 828 days on six spaceflights.[14][15][16] But Oleg Kononenko, currently in sixth place with 736 days on four spaceflights, is set to surpass Padalka on his fifth mission, Soyuz MS-23, scheduled to begin in March 2023.

As of 28 April 2024,[17] the 50 space travelers with the most total time in space are:

Color key:

Rank Person Days Flights Status Nationality
1 Gennady Padalka 878.480 5 Retired Template:Country data Russia
2 Yuri Malenchenko 827.389 6 Retired Template:Country data Russia
3 Sergei Krikalev 803.371 6 Retired Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
4 Aleksandr Kaleri 769.276 5 Active Template:Country data Russia
5 Sergei Avdeyev 747.593 3 Retired Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
6 Oleg Kononenko 736.780 4 Active Template:Country data Russia / Template:Country data Turkmenistan
7 Anton Shkaplerov 709.336 4 Active Template:Country data Russia
8 Valeri Polyakov 678.690 2 Deceased Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
9 Fyodor Yurchikhin 672.860 5 Retired Template:Country data Russia
10 Peggy Whitson 665.932 3 Active 23x15px United States
11 Anatoly Solovyev 651.117 5 Retired Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
12 Oleg Artemyev 560.614 3 Active Template:Country data Russia
13 Viktor Afanasyev 555.772 4 Retired Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
14 Yury Usachov 552.773 4 Retired Template:Country data Russia
15 Sergey Volkov 547.931 3 Retired Template:Country data Russia
16 Pavel Vinogradov 546.939 3 Active Template:Country data Russia
17 Aleksandr Skvortsov 545.964 3 Retired Template:Country data Russia
18 Musa Manarov 541.021 2 Retired Template:Country data Soviet Union ( Azerbaijan)
19 Oleg Skripochka 536.159 3 Retired Template:Country data Russia
20 Jeffrey Williams 534.116 4 Retired 23x15px United States
21 Mikhail Tyurin 532.118 3 Retired Template:Country data Russia
22 Oleg Novitsky 531.290 3 Active Template:Country data Russia
23 Oleg Kotov 526.211 3 Retired Template:Country data Russia
24 Mark T. Vande Hei 523.374 2 Active 23x15px United States
25 Scott Kelly 520.440 4 Retired[18] 23x15px United States
26 Mikhail Kornienko 516.417 2 Retired Template:Country data Russia
27 Aleksandr Viktorenko 489.066 4 Retired Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
28 Anatoli Ivanishin 476.195 3 Retired Template:Country data Russia
29 Nikolai Budarin 444.060 3 Retired Template:Country data Russia
30 Yuri Romanenko 430.765 3 Retired Template:Country data Soviet Union
31 Koichi Wakata Template:Sum 5 Active Template:Country data Japan
32 Thomas Pesquet 396.482 2 Active Template:Country data France
33 Aleksandr Volkov 391.495 3 Retired Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
34 Yury Onufriyenko 389.282 2 Retired Template:Country data Russia
35 Shane Kimbrough 388.728 3 Retired 23x15px United States
36 Vladimir Titov 387.036 4 Retired Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
37 Vasily Tsibliyev 381.662 2 Retired Template:Country data Russia
38 Valery Korzun 381.653 2 Retired Template:Country data Russia
39 Michael Fincke 381.633 3 Active 23x15px United States
40 Christopher Cassidy 377.742 3 Retired 23x15px United States
41 Aleksey Ovchinin 374.813 2 Active Template:Country data Russia
42 Leonid Kizim 374.749 3 Deceased Template:Country data Soviet Union
43 Michael Foale 373.763 6 Retired 23x15px United States / 23x15px United Kingdom[19]
44 Aleksandr Serebrov 372.954 4 Deceased Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
45 Valery Ryumin 371.725 4 Deceased Template:Country data Soviet Union / Template:Country data Russia
46 Samantha Cristoforetti 370.239 2 Active Template:Country data Italy
47 Donald Pettit 369.696 3 Active 23x15px United States
48 Luca Parmitano 366.959 2 Active Template:Country data Italy
49 Alexander Gerst 362.076 2 Active Template:Country data Germany
50 Vladimir Solovyov 361.952 2 Retired Template:Country data Soviet Union

Ten longest human spaceflights

Main article: Timeline of longest spaceflights
# Time in space Crew Country Launch date (Launch craft) Landing date (Landing craft) Space station or mission type
1 437.7 days[20][21] Valeri Polyakov[20] Template:RUS 1994-01-08 (Soyuz TM-18) 1995-03-22 (Soyuz TM-20) Mir[20]
2 379.6 days[21] Sergei Avdeyev[21] Template:RUS 1998-08-13 (Soyuz TM-28) 1999-08-28 (Soyuz TM-29) Mir[21]
3 365.9 days[21]
Template:USSR 1987-12-21 (Soyuz TM-4) 1988-12-21 (Soyuz TM-6) Mir[21]
4 355.2 days[22] Template:Ublist Template:Ublist 2021-04-09 (Soyuz MS-18) 2022-03-30 (Soyuz MS-19) International Space Station
5 340.4 days
2015-03-27 (Soyuz TMA-16M) 2016-03-01 (Soyuz TMA-18M) International Space Station,
ISS year-long mission
6 328.6 days[23][24] Christina Koch[24] Template:USA 2019-03-15 (Soyuz MS-12) 2020-02-06 (Soyuz MS-13) International Space Station
7 326.5 days[25] Yuri Romanenko[25] Template:USSR 1987-02-05 (Soyuz TM-2) 1987-12-29 (Soyuz TM-3) Mir[25]
8 311.8 days[26] Sergei Krikalev[26] Template:USSR/Template:RUS 1991-05-18 (Soyuz TM-12) 1992-03-25 (Soyuz TM-13) Mir[26]
9 289.2 days[27] Peggy Whitson[27] Template:USA 2016-11-17 (Soyuz MS-03) 2017-09-03 (Soyuz MS-04) International Space Station[27]
10 271.5 days[28] Andrew R. Morgan Template:USA 2019-07-20 (Soyuz MS-13) 2020-04-17 (Soyuz MS-15) International Space Station

Longest single flight by a woman

NASA astronaut Christina Koch holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman (328 days), returning on February 6, 2020.[24] She surpassed NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson's 289 days during Expedition 61 in 2019. In third place is American astronaut Anne McClain with 204 days.[29]

Longest continuous occupation of space

An international partnership consisting of Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan and the member states of the European Space Agency have jointly maintained a continuous human presence in space since 31 October 2000, when Soyuz TM-31 was launched. Two days later it docked with the International Space Station.[10][30] Since then space has been continuously occupied for Template:Age in years and days.[10]

Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft

The International Space Station has been continuously occupied by a Russian and US crew member since 2 November 2000 (Template:Age in years and days).[10][30] It broke the record of 9 years and 358 days of the Soviet/Russian Space Station Mir on 23 October 2010.[30]

Longest solo flight

Valery Bykovsky flew solo for 4 days, 23 hours in Vostok 5 from 14 to 19 June 1963.[31] The flight set a space endurance record which was broken in 1965 by the (non-solo) Gemini 5 flight. The Apollo program included long solo spaceflight, and during the Apollo 16 mission, T. K. Mattingly orbited solo around the Moon for more than 3 days and 9 hours.

Longest time on the lunar surface

Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission stayed for 74 hours 59 minutes and 40 seconds (over 3 days) on the lunar surface after they landed on 11 December 1972.[32] They performed three EVAs (extra-vehicular activity) totaling 22 hours 3 minutes, 57 seconds. As Apollo commanders were the first to leave the LM and the last to get back in, Cernan's EVA time was slightly longer.[32]

Longest time in lunar orbit

Ronald Evans of Apollo 17 mission stayed in lunar orbit for 6 days and 4 hours (148 hours)[33] along with five mice; however, for the solo portion of a flight around the Moon, T. K. Mattingly on Apollo 16 spent 1 hour 38 minutes longer than Evans' solo duration.

Speed and altitude records

Farthest humans from Earth

The Apollo 13 crew (Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, and Jack Swigert), while passing over the far side of the Moon at an altitude of 254 km () from the lunar surface, were 400,171 km () from Earth.[34] This record-breaking distance was reached at 00:21 UTC on 15 April 1970.[34]

Highest altitude for crewed non-lunar mission

Gemini 11 crew Charles Conrad, Jr. and Richard F. Gordon, Jr. fired their Agena Target Vehicle rocket engine on 14 September 1966, at 40 hours 30 minutes after liftoff and achieved a record apogee altitude of Template:Convert/nmi.[35]

Fastest

Main article: List of vehicle speed records#Spacecraft

The Apollo 10 crew (Thomas Stafford, John W. Young and Eugene Cernan) achieved the highest speed relative to Earth ever attained by humans: 39,897 kilometers per hour (11,082 meters per second or 24,791 miles per hour, about 32 times the speed of sound and 0.0037% of the speed of light).[10] The record was set 26 May 1969.[10]

In 2021, the Parker Solar Probe at 587,000 km/h became the fastest moving spacecraft, at about 1/1850 (or 0.05%) the speed of light.

Age records

File:Wally Funk 2012.jpg
Wally Funk flew in July, 2021
File:William Shatner Photo Op GalaxyCon Richmond 2020.jpg
William Shatner flew in October, 2021

Earliest-born to reach space

Suborbital flight

Orbital spaceflight

Youngest

Suborbital flight

Orbital spaceflight

Oldest

Suborbital flight

Orbital spaceflight

Spacewalk records

Main article: List of cumulative spacewalk records

Most spacewalks (number and duration)

Both of these are the record for the largest total number of spacewalks by a male and a female, and the most cumulative time spent on spacewalks by a male and a female.

Most spacewalks during a single mission

Longest single spacewalk

  • 8 hrs 56 min, by James Voss and Susan Helms, 11 March 2001 on an ISS assembly mission during Shuttle mission STS-102. The space walkers were delayed early in their excursion when a device to help hold an astronaut's feet to the shuttle's robot arm became untethered,[42] and Voss had to retrieve a spare from storage on the exterior of the station's Unity module. After about six hours of work, the pair reentered Space Shuttle Discovery’s airlock.

Greatest distance from a spacecraft during a spacewalk

  • All-time (and while on a planetary body[43]): 7.6 kilometers[44]:1144 (4.7 miles, 25,029 feet[45]), Apollo 17, Gene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt, EVA-2, December 12, 1972. During their second of three moonwalks, Cernan and Schmitt rode the Lunar Roving Vehicle to geological station 2, Nansen Crater, at the foot of the South Massif. As all spacewalks not occurring on a planetary body (the Moon) have involved short maximum distances from the spacecraft (see below), this remains the furthest distance that humans have traveled away from the safety of a pressurizable spacecraft, during an EVA of any type.
  • Orbital flight: about 100 meters (or 330 feet), Bruce McCandless, STS-41-B, February 7, 1984. With the exception of six Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) sorties in 1984 and a test of the Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER) in 1994, all other orbital spacewalks have involved a safety tether, anchoring the spacefarer to the spacecraft at a short distance. Among the former untethered spacewalks, Bruce McCandless' first test of the MMU established an orbital EVA distance record from a spacecraft which remained unbroken by later untethered EVAs.[46]

Animal records

Main articles: Animals in space and Monkeys and apes in space

First animals in space

The first animals to enter space were fruit flies launched by the United States in 1947 aboard a V-2 rocket to an altitude of 68 miles (Template:Convert/).[47] They were also the first animals to safely return from space.[47] Albert II, a rhesus monkey, became the first mammal in space aboard a U.S. V-2 rocket on June 14, 1949, and died on reentry due to a parachute failure. The first dogs in space were launched 22 July 1951 aboard a Soviet R-1V. "Tsygin" and "Dezik" reached a height of Template:Cvt and safely parachuted back to Earth. This flight preceded the first American canine space mission by two weeks.[48]:21

First animal in orbit

Laika was a Soviet female canine launched on 3 November 1957 on Sputnik 2. The technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed, so there was no expectation for survival. She died several hours into flight. Belka and Strelka became the first canines to safely return to Earth from orbit on 19 August 1960.

First Hominidae in space

On 31 January 1961, through NASA's Mercury-Redstone 2 mission the chimpanzee Ham became the first great ape or Hominidae in space.[49]

Longest canine single flight

Soviet space dogs Veterok (Ветерок, "Light Wind") and Ugolyok (Уголёк, "Ember") were launched on 22 February 1966 on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March.

First animals beyond low Earth orbit

An assortment of animals including a pair of Russian tortoises, as well as wine flies and mealworms flew around the Moon with a number of other biological specimens including seeds and bacteria on a circumlunar mission aboard the Soviet Zond 5 spacecraft on 18 September 1968.[47] It had been launched by a Proton-K rocket on 14 September.[47]

Zond 5 came within 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) of the Moon and then successfully returned to Earth, the first spacecraft in history to return safely to Earth from the Moon.[47]

Notable uncrewed or non-human spaceflights

Main article: List of uncrewed spacecraft by program
In reference to: Spacecraft Event Origin Date
Earth MW 18014 (A-4(V-2)) First rocket to reach space (suborbital flight). Template:Country data Nazi Germany Germany 20 June 1944
Earth V-2 No. 20 First living organisms (fruit flies) in space (suborbital flight). Successfully recovered. Template:Country data USA USA 20 February 1947
Earth V-2 No. 47 First mammal in space, Albert II, a rhesus monkey (suborbital flight). Died in capsule parachute failure. Template:Country data USA USA 14 June 1949
Earth R-1V[50] First dogs in space (suborbital flight). Successfully recovered. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 22 July 1951
Earth Sputnik 1 First satellite in orbit.[5] Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 4 October 1957
Earth Sputnik 2 First animal in orbit, Laika, a dog. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 3 November 1957
Earth Vanguard 1 Oldest satellite still in orbit, in addition to its upper launch stage. Expected to stay in orbit 240 years. Ceased transmission in May 1964. 23x15px USA 17 March 1958
Earth Pioneer 1 Failed to reach the Moon as intended, but reached a record–setting distance of 113,800 kilometres (70,700 mi) from Earth. 23x15px USA 11 October 1958
Earth Luna 1 First spacecraft to achieve Earth's escape velocity. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 4 January 1959
Moon Luna 1 First flyby. Distance of 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi). Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 4 January 1959
Sun Luna 1 First spacecraft in heliocentric orbit. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 4 January 1959
Moon Luna 2 First impact.[5] Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 14 September 1959
Moon Luna 3 First image of lunar far-side.[5] Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 7 October 1959
Earth Discoverer 13 First satellite recovered from orbit.[5] 23x15px USA 11 August 1960
Earth Korabl-Sputnik 2 First living beings recovered from orbit.[51] Template:Country data USSR USSR 19 August 1960
Earth Mercury-Redstone 2 First great ape or Hominidae in space, Ham, a chimpanzee.[49] Template:Country data USA USA 31 January 1961
Venus Venera 1 First flyby. Distance of 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi) (lost communication contact before).[5] Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 19 May 1961
Moon Ranger 4 First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[52] 23x15px USA 26 April 1962
Earth Alouette 1 First satellite designed and constructed by a country other than the USA or USSR (the British satellite Ariel 1, launched five months earlier, was designed and constructed by the USA).[53] Template:Country data Canada Canada 29 September 1962
Venus Mariner 2 First planetary flyby with communication contact. Distance of 34,762 kilometres (21,600 mi). 23x15px USA 14 December 1962
Earth Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1 Oldest spacecraft still in use (50 years as of 2015). 23x15px USA 6 May 1965
Mars Mariner 4 First flyby and first planetary imaging. Distance of 9,846 kilometres (6,118 mi). 23x15px USA 14 July 1965
Earth Astérix First satellite launched independently by a nation other than the USA or USSR (other nations had previously flown satellites launched on American rockets). Template:Country data France France 26 November 1965
Moon Luna 9 First soft landing and first pictures from the lunar surface.[5] Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 3 February 1966
Earth Kosmos 110 First seeds to germinate in space. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 22 February 1966
Venus Venera 3 First impact.[5] Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 1 March 1966
Moon Luna 10 First orbiter.[5] Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 3 April 1966
Docking Cosmos 186, Cosmos 188 First automated docking of uncrewed spacecraft. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 30 October 1967
Moon Surveyor 6 First planned, controlled, powered flight from the surface of another body. 23x15px USA 17 November 1967
Moon Zond 5
  • First to circle the Moon and return to land on Earth.
  • First animals to circle the Moon.
 Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 15 September 1968
Moon Luna 16 First automated sample return. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 24 September 1970
Moon Luna 17 First robotic roving vehicle, Lunokhod 1. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 17 November 1970
Venus Venera 7 First soft landing on another planet. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 15 December 1970
Earth Salyut 1 First space station. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 19 April 1971
Mars Mariner 9 First orbiter. 23x15px USA 14 November 1971
Mars Mars 2 First impact. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 27 November 1971
Mars Mars 3 First soft landing. Maintained telemetry signal for 20 seconds before transmissions ceased. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 2 December 1971
Sun Pioneer 10 First spacecraft to achieve the Sun's escape velocity. 23x15px USA 3 March 1972
Jupiter Pioneer 10 First flyby. Distance of 132,000 kilometres (82,000 mi). 23x15px USA 4 December 1973
Mercury Mariner 10 First flyby. Distance of 703 kilometres (437 mi). 23x15px USA 29 March 1974
Venus Venera 9
  • First orbiter.
  • First surface-level imaging of another planet.
 Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 22 October 1975
Mars Viking 1 First surface-level imaging of Mars. Template:Country data USA USA 20 July 1976
Saturn Pioneer 11 First flyby. Distance of 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi). 23x15px USA 1 September 1979
Venus Venera 13 First sound recording made on another planet. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 1 March 1982
Orbital Space Station Soyuz T-5, Salyut 7 First species of plant to flower in space.[54] Arabidopsis thaliana Valentin Lebedev. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 1 July 1982
Trans-Neptunian region Pioneer 10 First to travel past the orbit of Neptune, the furthest major planet from the Sun. 23x15px USA 13 June 1983
Venus Vega 1 First helium balloon atmospheric probe. First flight (as opposed to atmospheric entry) in another planet's atmosphere. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 11 June 1985
Comet Giacobini-Zinner International Cometary Explorer (ICE) First flyby through a comet tail (no pictures). Distance of 7,800 kilometres (4,800 mi). Template:Country data USA USA 11 September 1985
Uranus Voyager 2 First flyby. Distance of 81,500 kilometres (50,600 mi). 23x15px USA 24 January 1986
Comet Halley Vega 1 First comet flyby (with pictures returned). Distance of 8,890 kilometres (5,520 mi). Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 6 March 1986
Earth Mir Core Module, Kvant-1 First modular space station. Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 9 April 1987
Orbital Spaceplane Buran First fully automated orbital flight of a spaceplane (with airstrip landing). Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 15 November 1988
Phobos Phobos 2 First flyby. Distance of 860 kilometres (530 mi). Template:Country data Soviet Union USSR 21 February 1989
Neptune Voyager 2 First flyby. Distance of 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi). 23x15px USA 25 August 1989
951 Gaspra Galileo First asteroid flyby. Distance of 1,600 kilometres (990 mi). 23x15px USA 29 October 1991
Jupiter Galileo probe First impact. 23x15px USA 7 December 1995
Jupiter Galileo First orbiter. 23x15px USA 8 December 1995
Mars Mars Pathfinder First automated roving vehicle, Sojourner. 23x15px USA 4 July 1997
433 Eros NEAR Shoemaker First asteroid orbiter. 23x15px USA 14 February 2000
433 Eros NEAR Shoemaker First asteroid soft landing. 23x15px USA 12 February 2001
Saturn Cassini orbiter First orbiter.
1 July 2004
Solar wind Genesis First sample return from farther than the Moon. 23x15px USA 8 September 2004
Titan Huygens probe First soft landing.
14 January 2005
Comet Tempel 1 Deep Impact First comet impact. 23x15px USA 4 July 2005
25143 Itokawa Hayabusa
  • First asteroid ascent.
  • First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cutoff.[clarification needed]
 Template:Country data Japan Japan 19 November 2005
81P/Wild Stardust First sample return from comet. 23x15px USA 15 January 2006
Earth Voyager 1
23x15px USA As of December 2019[55]
Longest time in operation Voyager 2 Longest continually operating space probe (since August 1977). 23x15px USA As of 2015
Earth to Venus trajectory IKAROS First interplanetary solar sail. Template:Country data Japan Japan Set sail on 10 June 2010
25143 Itokawa Hayabusa First sample return from an asteroid. Template:Country data Japan Japan 13 June 2010
Mercury MESSENGER First orbiter. 23x15px USA 17 March 2011
Earth–Sun L2 Lagrange point Chang'e 2 First object to reach the L2 Lagrangian point directly from lunar orbit.[56] Template:Country data China China 25 August 2011
International Space Station SpaceX Dragon First commercial spacecraft to berth with the International Space Station. 23x15px USA 25 May 2012
Interstellar medium Voyager 1 First spacecraft to cross the heliopause, thereby exiting the heliosphere and entering interstellar space. Template:Country data USA USA 25 August 2012
4179 Toutatis Chang'e 2
  • First object to reach an asteroid directly from a Sun-Earth Langrangian point.
  • First probe to explore both the Moon and an asteroid.[57]
 Template:Country data China China 13 December 2012
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko Rosetta First comet orbiter.[58] 20px ESA 6 August 2014
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko Philae First comet soft landing.[59] 20px ESA 12 November 2014
Ceres Dawn First dwarf planet orbiter.[60] 23x15px USA 6 March 2015
Mars Opportunity Longest distance traveled on surface of another world (26.219 miles (42.195 km), marathon-length).[61] 23x15px USA 23 March 2015
Mercury MESSENGER First impact.[62] 23x15px USA 30 April 2015
Pluto New Horizons
23x15px USA 14 July 2015
All 9 planets in the pre-IAU redefinition version of the Solar System All United States spacecraft including New Horizons With the New Horizons flyby of Pluto, the United States is the first nation to have its space probes explore all nine planets in the pre-2006 IAU redefinition version of the Solar System. 23x15px USA 14 July 2015
Earth Falcon 9 First re-flight of orbital class rocket.[63] 23x15px USA 30 March 2017
Earth
Shortest period between orbital launches (launched 72 seconds apart).[64]
23 December 2017
Moon Chang'e 4 First soft landing at the far side of the Moon. Template:Country data China China 3 January 2019
101955 Bennu OSIRIS-REx Smallest body to be orbited by spacecraft (Template:Cvt diameter) and closest ever orbit (Template:Cvt altitude).[65][66] Template:Country data USA USA 12 June 2019
Moon Chang'e 5 First robotic rendezvous and docking by two spacecrafts(lunar orbiter attached with reentry-capsule and lunar ascent vehicle) in lunar orbit or any orbit other than Earth's.[67] Template:Country data China China 5 December 2020
Moon Chang'e 5 First robotic transfer of payload (lunar samples from lunar ascent vehicle to reentry capsule) between two docked spacecrafts in lunar orbit or any orbit other than Earth's.[68] Template:Country data China China 5 December 2020
Mars Ingenuity First controlled, powered flight by a rotary wing aircraft on another planet.[69] Template:Country data USA USA 19 April 2021
Sun Parker Solar Probe Highest velocity of a spacecraft relative to the Sun: 163 km/s (587,000 km/h; 365,000 mph).Template:Update afterTemplate:Update after

Closest approach to the Sun: distance of 0.057 AU (8,500,000 kilometres; 5,300,000 mi).[70] Spacecraft will continue to lower its perihelion by multiple Venus gravity assists until its closest approach in 2024, which is expected to bring the probe within 9.86 solar radii (6,900,000 km; 4,300,000 mi) of the Sun's surface at a velocity of 191.7 km/s (690,000 km/h; 430,000 mph),[71] by which point it will have become the fastest object in the Solar System apart from comets (overtaking asteroid 2005 HC4).

21 November 2021

See also

Portal icon Spaceflight portal

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Gebhardt, Chris (12 April 2011). "Anniversaries: 50 years of human spaceflight – 30 years for Shuttle". NASASpaceFlight (not affiliated with NASA). http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/04/anniversaries-50-years-hsf-30-years-shuttle/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 "Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7)". NASA. 1 November 2011. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mercury/missions/freedom7.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7)". NASA. 20 November 2006. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mercury/missions/friendship7.html. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 "Making History: China's First Human Spaceflight". Space.com. 28 September 2005. http://www.space.com/1616-making-history-china-human-spaceflight.html. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 "MAJOR SPACE "FIRSTS'-AN AMERICAN ASSESSMENT" (PDF). Flight 91 (3028): 459. 1967-03-23. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1967/1967%20-%200467.html. Retrieved 2009-04-15. 
  6. ↑ Rooney, Anne (2014). Space Record Breakers. Carlton. pp. 60–61. ISBN 9781783120727. 
  7. ↑ Neal et al., p. 235
  8. ↑ Rooney, pp. 42–43.
  9. ↑ Pearlman, Robert (17 June 2010). "Cosmonaut Leonid Kizim, Who Visited 2 Space Stations in 1 Mission, Dies". Space.com. http://www.space.com/8619-cosmonaut-leonid-kizim-visited-2-space-stations-1-mission-dies.html. 
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 Wall, Mike (11 March 2015). "The Most Extreme Human Spaceflight Records". Space.com. http://www.space.com/11337-human-spaceflight-records-50th-anniversary.html. 
  11. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (2020-05-30). "SpaceX launches two NASA astronauts to space for the first time in historic US mission" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/30/spacex-launches-two-nasa-astronauts-to-space-for-the-first-time.html. 
  12. ↑ Potter, Sean (2020-05-30). "NASA Astronauts Launch from America in Test of SpaceX Crew Dragon". http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-astronauts-launch-from-america-in-historic-test-flight-of-spacex-crew-dragon. 
  13. ↑ "Astronaut Biography". NASA. 11 February 2015. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/young.html. 
  14. ↑ NASA (2005). "Krikalev Sets Time-in-Space Record". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition11/krikalev_record.html. 
  15. ↑ Thompson, Curtiss (29 June 2015). "Russian Cosmonaut Sets Record For Most Time Spent In Space". Penny4NASA. http://www.penny4nasa.org/2015/06/29/russian-cosmonaut-sets-record-for-most-time-spent-in-space/. 
  16. ↑ Russian astronaut record-breaker Padalka returns to Earth, BBC News, 12 September 2015
  17. ↑ "Astronauts and Cosmonauts (sorted by "Time in Space")". spacefacts.de. http://www.spacefacts.de/english/e_tis.htm.  The current missions are listed but not included in day count.
  18. ↑ Northon, Karen (2016-03-11). "Astronaut Scott Kelly to Retire from NASA in April". http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/astronaut-scott-kelly-to-retire-from-nasa-in-april. 
  19. ↑ Michael Foale holds dual U.S./British citizenship.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Schwirtz, Michael (2009-03-30). "Staying Put on Earth, Taking a Step to Mars". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/31/science/space/31mars.html. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 Pearlman, Robert (26 March 2015). "One Year in Space: A History of Ultra-Long Missions Off Planet Earth". Space.com. http://www.space.com/28947-yearlong-space-missions-history.html. 
  22. ↑ Zak, Anatoly (2 January 2022). "Russian space program in 2021". RussianSpaceWeb.com. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/2021.html. 
  23. ↑ Garcia, Mark (6 February 2020). "Christina Koch Completes 328-Day Mission in Space". https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2020/02/06/christina-koch-completes-328-day-mission-in-space/. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Astronaut Christina Koch sets new record for longest single space flight by a woman". CBS News. 27 December 2019. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/christina-koch-sets-record-longest-single-space-flight-by-woman-astronaut/. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Carroll, Michael (2015). Living Among Giants: Exploring and Settling the Outer Solar System. Springer. pp. 195. ISBN 978-3319106731. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Leary, Warren (4 Feb 1994). "Man in the News: Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev; Symbol of New Cooperation". New York Times. Cape Canaveral. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/04/us/man-in-the-news-sergei-konstantinovich-krikalev-symbol-of-new-cooperation.html. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 "Soyuz MS-04 lands as Peggy Whitson ends record-breaking mission". NASASpaceflight. 2 Sep 2017. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/09/soyuz-ms-peggy-whitson-ends-record-mission/. 
  28. ↑ "Astronaut Biography: Andrew Morgan". http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/astronauts/english/morgan_andrew.htm. 
  29. ↑ Harwood, William. "3 station fliers complete "once-in-a-lifetime ride" home after 204-day stay in orbit". https://www.cbsnews.com/news/soyuz-3-station-fliers-wrap-up-204-day-stay-in-orbit-landing-complete-kazakhstan-today-2019-06-24/. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 "10 Years and Counting". NASA. 28 October 2010. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/living/10years.html. 
  31. ↑ "Astronautic World Records: Spacecraft with one astronaut – General category". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=9352.  This only counts the duration of solo flight within a mission, so a longer mission with solo flight, such as Apollo 17 at 12d+13h duration is surpassed because the solo undocked duration was only 3d+7h.)
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Mission Report: Apollo 17 – The Most Productive Lunar Expedition". NASA. http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/saturn_apollo/documents/apollo17_overview.pdf. 
  33. ↑ "Ronal Evans Biographical Data". NASA. April 1990. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/evans-re.html. "longest time in lunar orbit, 147 hours, 48 minutes" 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Apollo 13 The Seventh Mission: The Third Lunar Landing Attempt 11 April–17 April 1970". NASA. https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_13a_Summary.htm. 
  35. ↑ Dumoulin, Jim (August 25, 2000), NASA Project Gemini-XI, http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-xi/gemini-xi.html, retrieved April 12, 2010 
  36. ↑ "Blue Origin sends William Shatner to the final frontier". 13 October 2021. https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/13/blue-origin-sends-william-shatner-to-the-final-frontier/. 
  37. ↑ "ABC News". https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/nasa-astronaut-verge-oldest-woman-space-43579578. 
  38. ↑ "GCTC, Biographies of Cosmonauts: Solovyev, Anatoly Yakovlevich". Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre. http://www.gctc.ru/eng/biogr/default.htm. 
  39. ↑ Spacewalking astronauts pull off urgent station repairs[dead link], May 23, 2017
  40. ↑ "ISS astronauts complete 200th station EVA for maintenance tasks". NASASpaceflight.com. 12 May 2017. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/05/iss-astronauts-200th-station-eva-maintenance-tasks/. 
  41. ↑ Spacefacts (2017). "Astronauts and Cosmonauts with EVA Experience (sorted by "EVA Time")". Spacefacts. http://www.spacefacts.de/eva/e_eva_time.htm. 
  42. ↑ "Spaceflight Now | STS-102 Mission Report | Grueling marathon spacewalk sets new record". https://spaceflightnow.com/station/stage5a1/010311fd4/index.html. 
  43. ↑ Swift, Earl (2021). Across the Airless Wilds. Custom House. pp. 280–281. ISBN 9780062986535. 
  44. ↑ "Apollo 17 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription". https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/AS17_TEC.PDF. 
  45. ↑ "Extravehicular Activity". https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-30_Extravehicular_Activity.htm. 
  46. ↑ Chaikin, Andrew (October 2014). "Untethered". Air and Space Magazine. https://www.airspacemag.com/space/untethered-180952792/. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 Tate, Karl (17 April 2013). "Cosmic Menagerie: A History of Animals in Space (Infographic)". Space.com. http://www.space.com/20648-animals-in-space-history-infographic.html. 
  48. ↑ Brian Harvey; Olga Zakutnyaya (2011). Russian Space Probes: Scientific Discoveries and Future Missions. Chichester,UK: Springer Praxis Books. OCLC 1316077842. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "My steps for Bataan". https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/581909/my-steps-for-bataan/. 
  50. ↑ "R-1V". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/r1v.htm. 
  51. ↑ Asif A. Siddiqi. "Challenge to Apollo". NASA. https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4408pt1.pdf. ; see page. 253
  52. ↑ Williamson, Mark (1998). "Protecting the space environment: Are we doing enough?". Space Policy 14 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1016/S0265-9646(97)00038-6. 
  53. ↑ "Alouette I and II" (in en). Government of Canada. 5 March 2012. http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/alouette.asp. 
  54. ↑ "Guinness World Record: First species of plant to flower in space". https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-species-of-plant-to-flower-in-space. 
  55. ↑ "Where are the Voyagers?". http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/where/. "Because Earth moves around the sun faster than Voyager 1 is traveling from Earth, the distance between Earth and the spacecraft actually decreases at certain times of the year." 
  56. ↑ "Ching'e 2 to reaches liberation point 2". 2011-08-27. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/video/2011-08/27/c_131078520.htm. 
  57. ↑ "China's space probe flies by asteroid Toutatis" Archived December 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Chinadaily.com.cn.16 December 2012.
  58. ↑ esa. "Rosetta arrives at comet destination". http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_arrives_at_comet_destination. 
  59. ↑ "Philae probe makes historic comet landing". BBC News. 12 November 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30027585. 
  60. ↑ Barnett, Amanda (6 March 2015). "NASA's Dawn spacecraft begins orbiting Ceres". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/06/us/dawn-spacecraft-ceres/index.html. 
  61. ↑ McKirdy, Euan (25 March 2015). "Opportunity rover celebrates marathon milestone". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/25/world/opportunity-rover-marathon-milestone/index.html. 
  62. ↑ Corum, Jonathan (30 April 2015). "Messenger's Collision Course With Mercury". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/30/science/space/messenger-collides-with-mercury.html. 
  63. ↑ "Used SpaceX Rocket Launches Satellite, Then Lands in Historic 1st Reflight". 30 March 2017. http://www.space.com/36291-spacex-used-rocket-launch-landing-success.html. 
  64. ↑ "TMRO:Space – Looking forward to 2018 – Orbit 11.01". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHGw8cD5EYw. 
  65. ↑ "NASA'S OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Arrives at Asteroid Bennu". NASA. 2018-12-03. https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=nasas-osiris-rex-spacecraft-arrives-asteroid-bennu. 
  66. ↑ "NASA's OSIRIS-REx Mission Breaks Another Orbit Record". NASA. 2019-06-13. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/osiris-rex-breaks-another-orbit-record. 
  67. ↑ "2nd LD-Writethru-Xinhua Headlines: China completes first spacecraft rendezvous, docking in lunar orbit, | The Star". https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2020/12/06/2nd-ld-writethru-xinhua-headlines-china-completes-first-spacecraft-rendezvous-docking-in-lunar-orbit. 
  68. ↑ Jones, Andrew (7 December 2020). "China's Chang'e 5 aces lunar orbit docking needed to bring moon samples home". Space News. https://www.space.com/china-chang-e-5-moon-orbit-docking-success. 
  69. ↑ Palca, Joe (19 April 2021). "Success! NASA's Ingenuity Makes First Powered Flight On Mars". National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2021/04/19/985588253/success-nasas-ingenuity-makes-first-powered-flight-on-mars. 
  70. ↑ Hatfield, Miles (2021-11-10). "Space Dust Presents Opportunities, Challenges as Parker Solar Probe Speeds Back toward the Sun" (in en-US). NASA. https://blogs.nasa.gov/parkersolarprobe/2021/11/10/space-dust-presents-opportunities-challenges-as-parker-solar-probe-speeds-back-toward-the-sun/. 
  71. ↑ "Parker Solar Probe Presskit". https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/parkersolarprobe_presskit_august2018_final.pdf. 

External links


Template:Extreme motion Template:Spaceflight Template:Space exploration lists and timelines Template:Politics of outer space

Retrieved from "http://en.wikialpha.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Deleted:List_of_spaceflight_records&oldid=319555"