Gorgan

Gorgan (Template:Lang-fa Template:IPA-fa; also romanized as Gorgān, Gurgān, and Gurgan), formerly Esterabad (استرآباد Template:IPA-fa; also romanized as Astarābād, Asterabad, and Esterābād), is the capital city of Golestan Province, Iran. It lies approximately 400 km () to the north east of Tehran, some 30 km () away from the Caspian Sea. In the 2006 census; its population was 269,226, in 73,702 families.

History

Main article: Hyrcania

There are several archaeological sites near Gorgan, including Tureng Tepe and Shah Tepe, in which there are remains dating from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic eras. Some other important Neolithic sites in the area are Yarim Tepe, and Sange Chaxmaq. Also, the nearby Shahroud Plain has many such sites. The number of confirmed Neolithic sites on the Gorgan Plain now totals more than fifty.

File:علایم بتونی دیوار تاریخی گرگان که زیر خاک مدفون شده است.jpg

Historic wall of Gorgan signs

According to the Greek historian Arrian, Zadracarta was the largest city of Hyrcania and site of the "royal palace". The term means "the yellow city", and it was given to it from the great number of oranges, lemons, and other fruit trees which grew in the outskirts of that city.

Hyrcania became part of the Achaemenid Empire during the reign of Cyrus the Great (559–530 BC), its founder, or his successor Cambyses (530-522 BC).

The Great Wall of Gorgan, the second biggest defensive wall in the world, was built in the Parthian and Sassanian periods.

At the time of the Sassanids, "Gurgan" appeared as the name of a city, province capital, and province.

Gorgan maintained its independence as a Zoroastrian state even after Persia was conquered by the Muslim Arabs in the 8th century.

In 1210, the city was invaded and sacked by the army of Kingdom of Georgia under command of the brothers Mkhargrdzeli.

"Old Gorgan" was destroyed during the Mongol invasion in the 13th century, and the center of the region was moved to what was called "Astarabad", which is currently called "Gorgan".

Gorgan with its surrounding regions was sometimes considered as part of the Tabaristan region.

Astarabad was an important political and religious city during the Qajar dynasty.

File:Linguistic Map of Golestan Province.jpg

Linguistic Map of Golestan province

Geography and climate

The wide Dasht-e Gorgan (Plains of Gorgan) are located north of the city and geographically bounded by 37°00' - 37°30' north latitude and 54°00' - 54°30' east longitude, covering an area of about 170 square kilometres (66 sq mi).

Some 150 km () east of Gorgan is the Golestan National Park, home to a large portion of the fauna of Iran.

Gorgan has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cf), with hot, humid summers and cool, wet winters. In general, Golestan has a moderate and humid climate known as "the moderate Caspian climate." The effective factors behind such a climate are: Alborz mountain range, direction of the mountains, height of the area, neighborhood to the sea, vegetation surface, local winds, altitude and weather fronts. As a result of the above factors, three different climates exist in the region: plain moderate, mountainous, and semi-arid. Gorgan valley has a semi-arid climate. The average annual temperature is Template:Convert/°C and the annual rainfall is 601 millimetres (23.7 in).

Climate data for Gorgan
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	29	32.4	35	39	43	45	44	44	41.6	39	36	29.2	{{#invoke:Math | max	32.4|35	43|45	44|41.6	36|29.2 }}
Average high °C (°F)	12.4	13.1	15.3	21.2	26.9	30.9	32.6	32.7	29.9	24.8	18.8	14.3	22.74
Daily mean °C (°F)	7.9	8.5	10.7	16.0	21.2	25.4	27.7	27.8	24.8	19.4	13.9	9.8	17.76
Average low °C (°F)	3.4	3.8	6.1	10.7	15.5	19.9	22.8	22.9	19.6	13.9	8.9	5.2	12.73
Record low °C (°F)	−10	−6	−3.2	0	2.8	10	15	13	9	3	−2	−7	{{#invoke:Math | min	−6|−3.2	2.8|10	13|9	−2|−7 }}
Precipitation mm (inches)	style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|55.0	style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|55.8	style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|79.4	style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|52.8	style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|44.1	style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|33.4	style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|22.2	style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|27.3	style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|38.9	style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|66.1	style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|68.5	style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|57.5	style="Template:Weather box/colgreen border-left-width:medium"|601
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)</span>	7.4	8.0	10.5	8.0	6.1	4.2	3.7	4.2	5.2	5.7	6.7	6.8	76.5
% humidity	73	73	74	72	67	64	65	68	69	70	73	74	70.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours	style="Template:Weather box/cols"|135.3	style="Template:Weather box/cols"|128.1	style="Template:Weather box/cols"|132.3	style="Template:Weather box/cols"|164.6	style="Template:Weather box/cols"|207.6	style="Template:Weather box/cols"|220.4	style="Template:Weather box/cols"|221.9	style="Template:Weather box/cols"|220.5	style="Template:Weather box/cols"|196.3	style="Template:Weather box/cols"|196.4	style="Template:Weather box/cols"|151.1	style="Template:Weather box/cols"|132.8	style="Template:Weather box/cols border-left-width:medium"|2,107.3
Source: Synoptic Stations Statistics

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Gorgan

Historical figures

File:Astarabadi and Nader.JPG

Picture showing Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi in pink clothes and Nader Shah Afshar on horseback.

• House of Karen, an aristocratic feudal family first attested in the Arsacid era, belonged to the region of Hyrcania.
• Fakhroddin Asaad Gorgani, 11th-century Persian poet and the composer of Vis and Ramin.
• Abu Sa'id al-Darir al-Jurjani, 9th century astronomer and mathematician
• Al-Masihi, 10th century physician and teacher of Avicenna
• Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī, 11th century grammarian and literary theorist
• Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani, 12th century royal physician
• Bahram al-Da'i, 12th-century Nizari Ismaili missionary and military leader in Syria
• Fazlallah Astarabadi (Naimi), 14th century mystic and founder of Hurufism
• Rustam Gorgani, 16th century physician
• Mir Fendereski, philosopher, poet and mysti
• Mir Damad, 17th century Islamic scholar and Neoplatonic philosopher
• Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi, 18th century chief minister to Nader Shah
• Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi, a notable writer, satirist, and one of the pioneering figures of the women's movement of Iran
• Firishta, historian
• Sardar Rafie Yanehsari, Governor of Astarabad
• House of Bagheri, a historical house with 7 yards from 18th century that currently has been used as a boutique hotel, Haft Paykar

Contemporary figures

File:Mohammad reza Lotfi-Young2.jpg

Mohammad Reza Lotfi

• Iraj Etesam, Iranian contemporary architect, educator, and author; born in Gorgan.
• Nader Ebrahimi, author, poet, director, and researcher
• Hossein Khanzadi, admiral in the Iranian Navy
• Mohammad Reza Lotfi, Traditional Persian musician
• Maryam Zandi, photographer

Education

File:Mirdamad102.jpg

Mirdamad Cultural Institute (MCI)

• Golestan University
• Golestan University of Medical Sciences
• Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources
• Islamic Azad University of Gorgan

Sports

Shahrdari Gorgan competes in the Iranian Basketball Super League.

Currently the main football team of Gorgan is Etka Gorgan F.C., which competes in the Azadegan League.

Sister cities

• Template:Country data Kazakhstan Aktau, Kazakhstan
• Template:Country data Turkey Samsun, Turkey (2006)

See also

• Gorgan International Airport
• al-Jurjani
• Gorgan-rud River
• Gurganj

External links

Template:Golestan Province