Language
From WikiAlpha
[36]}}
Notes
-->
References
- ↑ Kamusella, Tomasz (2016). "The History of the Normative Opposition of 'Language versus Dialect': From Its Graeco-Latin Origin to Central Europe's Ethnolinguistic Nation-States". Colloquia Humanistica 5 (5): 189–198. doi:10.11649/ch.2016.011. http://ispan.waw.pl/journals/index.php/ch/article/download/ch.2016.011/2342. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Graddol, David (2004-02-27). "The Future of Language". Science 303 (5662): 1329–1331. Bibcode 2004Sci...303.1329G. doi:10.1126/science.1096546. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14988552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1096546. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ↑ "language". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1992.
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Hockett, Charles F. (1966). "The Problem of Universals in Language". http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~swinters/371/designfeatures.html.
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt; Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Engesser, Sabrina; Crane, Jodie M. S.; Savage, James L.; Russel, Andrew F.; Townsend, Simon W. (29 June 2015). "Experimental Evidence for Phonemic Contrasts in a Nonhuman Vocal System". PLOS Biology 13 (6): e1002171. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002171. PMC 4488142. PMID 26121619.
- ↑ Engesser, Sabrina; Ridley, Amanda R.; Townsend, Simon W. (20 July 2017). "Element repetition rates encode functionally distinct information in pied babbler 'clucks' and 'purrs'". Animal Cognition 20 (5): 953–60. doi:10.1007/s10071-017-1114-6. PMID 28730513. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/89798/7/WRAP-element-repetition-rates-encode-functionally-Townsend-2017.pdf. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Clark, Gary; Henneberg, Maciej (2017). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the evolution of language and singing: An early origin for hominin vocal capability". HOMO 68 (2): 101–21. doi:10.1016/j.jchb.2017.03.001. PMID 28363458.
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Bloomfield 1914, p. 310
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Nicholas Evans & Stephen Levinson (2009) 'The Myth of Language Universals: Language Diversity and Its Importance for Cognitive Science'. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, 429–492.
- ↑ Nicholas Evans (2017) Listening Here: Ngûrrahmalkwonawoniyan. Humanities Australia, Journal of the Australian Academy of the Humanities, vol 8, p 39.
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Stokoe, William C. (1960). Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf, Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers (No. 8). Buffalo: Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo.
- ↑ Stokoe, William C.; Dorothy C. Casterline; Carl G. Croneberg (1965). A dictionary of American sign languages on linguistic principles. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet College Press
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt; Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Denham, Kristin; Lobeck, Anne (6 March 2009). Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Cengage Learning. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4130-1589-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=n0KVSvqvZKYC&pg=PA9. Retrieved 16 April 2020. "An ungrammatical sentence is one that is impossible in a given language, one that a native speaker of that variety would never utter naturally. (Remember that ungrammatical sentences are marked with an asterisk, *."
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt;Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt; Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Bonvillian, John D.; Michael D. Orlansky; Leslie Lazin Novack (December 1983). "Developmental milestones: Sign language acquisition and motor development". Child Development 54 (6): 1435–45. doi:10.2307/1129806. JSTOR 1129806. PMID 6661942.
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Beth Skwarecki, "Babies Learn to Recognize Words in the Womb", Science, 26 August 2013 [1] November 2015/https://web.archive.org/web/20151104124655/http://news.sciencemag.org/brain-behavior/2013/08/babies-learn-recognize-words-womb Archived November 4, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ O'Grady, William; Cho, Sook Whan (2001). "First language acquisition". Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (fourth ed.). Boston: Bedford St. Martin's.
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt; Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt; Template:Harvcoltxt; Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ "Primer estudio conjunto del Instituto Cervantes y el British Council sobre el peso internacional del español y del inglés". Instituto Cervantes (www.cervantes.es). http://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/prensa/2012/noticias/nota-londres-palabra-por-palabra.htm.
- ↑ "Ethnologue statistics". SIL. http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics.
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Rickerson, E.M.. "What's the difference between dialect and language?". The Five Minute Linguist. College of Charleston. http://spinner.cofc.edu/linguist/archives/2005/08/whats_the_diffe.html?referrer=webcluster&.
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt, "Summary by language family January 2016/https://web.archive.org/web/20160101054116/http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/family Archived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine."
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt; Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt: "Statistics August 2014/https://web.archive.org/web/20140812000456/http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php Archived August 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine."
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ "University of Waikato Launches a Strategic Partnership with Cardiff University in Wales" (Press release). University of Waikato. 10 November 2021. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/ED2111/S00030/university-of-waikato-launches-a-strategic-partnership.htm.
- ↑ Rhiannon James (10 November 2021). "Council investing £6.4m in the future of the Welsh language". https://nation.cymru/news/council-investing-6-4m-in-the-future-of-the-welsh-language/.
- ↑ "Hawaiian TV company seeks help to promote language". Cambrian News. 20 August 2019. https://www.cambrian-news.co.uk/article.cfm?id=130057&headline=Hawaiian%20TV%20company%20seeks%20help%20to%20promote%20language§ionIs=news&searchyear=2019.
Works cited
- Agha, Asif (2006). Language and Social Relations. Cambridge University Press.
- Aikhenvald, Alexandra (2001). "Introduction". In Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald. Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: problems in comparative linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–26.
- Aitchison, Jean (2001). Language Change: Progress or Decay? (3rd (1st edition 1981) ed.). Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
- Allerton, D.J. (1989). "Language as Form and Pattern: Grammar and its Categories". In Collinge, N.E.. An Encyclopedia of Language. London:NewYork: Routledge.
- Anderson, Stephen (2012). Languages: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959059-9.
- Aronoff, Mark; Fudeman, Kirsten (2011). What is Morphology. John Wiley & Sons.
- Austin, Peter K; Sallabank, Julia (2011). "Introduction". In Austin, Peter K; Sallabank, Julia. Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88215-6.
- Baker, Mark C. (2001). "Syntax". In Mark Aronoff. The Handbook of Linguistics. Blackwell. pp. 265–95.
- Bauer, Laurie (2003). Introducing linguistic morphology (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0-87840-343-1.
- Bett, R. (2010). "Plato and his Predecessors". In Alex Barber. Concise Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Language and Linguistics. Elsevier. pp. 569–70.
- Bloomfield, Leonard (1914). An introduction to the study of language. New York: Henry Holt and Company. https://archive.org/details/introductiontos00bloo.
- Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah, eds (2008). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7.
- Clackson, James (2007). Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University press.
- Campbell, Lyle (2002). "Areal linguistics". In Bernard Comrie, Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Balte. International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon. pp. 729–33.
- Campbell, Lyle (2004). Historical Linguistics: an Introduction (2nd ed.). Edinburgh and Cambridge, MA: Edinburgh University Press and MIT Press.
- Campbell, Lyle (2001). "The History of Linguistics". In Mark Aronoff. The Handbook of Linguistics. Blackwell. pp. 81–105.
- Candland, Douglas Keith (1993). Feral Children and Clever Animals: Reflections on Human Nature. Oxford University Press US. pp. 293–301. ISBN 978-0-19-510284-0. https://archive.org/details/feralchildrencle00cand. "koko gorilla operant conditioning."
- Chomsky, Noam (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton.
- Chomsky, Noam (1972). Language and Mind. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-549257-8. https://archive.org/details/languagemind00chom.
- Chomsky, Noam (2000). The Architecture of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Clarke, David S. (1990). Sources of semiotic: readings with commentary from antiquity to the present. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
- Comrie, Bernard (1989). Language universals and linguistic typology: Syntax and morphology (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-226-11433-0.
- Comrie, Bernard, ed (2009). The World's Major Languages. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35339-7.
- Coulmas, Florian (2002). Writing Systems: An Introduction to Their Linguistic Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
- Croft, William; Cruse, D. Alan (2004). Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Croft, William (2001). "Typology". In Mark Aronoff. The Handbook of Linguistics. Blackwell. pp. 81–105.
- Deacon, Terrence (1997). The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain.. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-31754-1.
- Devitt, Michael; Sterelny, Kim (1999). Language and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language. Boston: MIT Press.
- Dixon, Robert M.W. (1972). The Dyirbal Language of North Queensland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08510-6. https://archive.org/details/dyirballanguageo00dixo.
- Duranti, Alessandro (2003). "Language as Culture in U.S. Anthropology: Three Paradigms". Current Anthropology 44 (3): 323–48. doi:10.1086/368118.
- Evans, Nicholas; Levinson, Stephen C. (2009). "The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32 (5): 429–92. doi:10.1017/s0140525x0999094x. PMID 19857320.
- Fisher, Simon E.; Lai, Cecilia S.L.; Monaco, Anthony P. (2003). "Deciphering the Genetic Basis of Speech and Language Disorders". Annual Review of Neuroscience 26: 57–80. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131144. PMID 12524432.
- Fitch, W. Tecumseh (2010). The Evolution of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Foley, William A. (1997). Anthropological Linguistics: An Introduction. Blackwell.
- Goldsmith, John A (1995). "Phonological Theory". In John A. Goldsmith. The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4051-5768-1.
- Greenberg, Joseph (1966). Language Universals: With Special Reference to Feature Hierarchies. The Hague: Mouton & Co.
- Haspelmath, Martin (2002). Understanding morphology. London: Arnold, Oxford University Press. (pbk)
- Haugen, Einar (1973). "The Curse of Babel". Daedalus 102 (3, Language as a Human Problem): 47–57.
- Hauser, Marc D.; Chomsky, Noam; Fitch, W. Tecumseh (2002). "The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve?". Science 298 (5598): 1569–79. doi:10.1126/science.298.5598.1569. PMID 12446899.
- Hauser, Marc D.; Fitch, W. Tecumseh (2003). "What are the uniquely human components of the language faculty?". Language Evolution: The States of the Art. Oxford University Press. http://mind.cog.jhu.edu/faculty/smolensky/050.341-641/Readings/Hauser%20&%20Fitch%2003%20Evolution%20of%20Lg.pdf.
- Hockett, Charles F. (1960). "Logical considerations in the study of animal communication". In W. E. Lanyon. Animals sounds and animal communication. pp. 392–430.
- International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0.
- Katzner, Kenneth (1999). The Languages of the World. New York: Routledge.
- Kennison, Shelia (2013). Introduction to Language Development. SAGE.
- Labov, William (1994). Principles of Linguistic Change vol.I Internal Factors. Blackwell.
- Labov, William (2001). Principles of Linguistic Change vol.II Social Factors. Blackwell.
- Ladefoged, Peter (1992). "Another view of endangered languages". Language 68 (4): 809–11. doi:10.1353/lan.1992.0013.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 329–30. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
- Lesser, Ruth (1989). "Language in the Brain: Neurolinguistics". In Collinge, N.E.. An Encyclopedia of Language. London:NewYork: Routledge.
- Levinson, Stephen C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/pragmatics00levi.
- Lewis, M. Paul, ed (2009). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition". Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size.
- Lyons, John (1981). Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29775-2. https://archive.org/details/languagelinguist0000lyon.
- Macaro, Ernesto, ed (2010). Continuum companion to second language acquisition. London: Continuum. pp. 137–57. ISBN 978-1-4411-9922-5.
- McMahon, April M.S. (1994). Understanding Language Change. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44119-3.
- MacMahon, M.K.C. (1989). "Language as available sound:Phonetics". In Collinge, N.E.. An Encyclopedia of Language. London:NewYork: Routledge.
- Matras, Yaron; Bakker, Peter, eds (2003). The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and Empirical Advances. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017776-3.
- Moseley, Christopher, ed (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, 3rd edition.. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
- Nerlich, Brigitte (2010). "History of pragmatics". In Cummings, Louise. The Pragmatics Encyclopedia. London/New York: Routledge. pp. 192–93.
- Newmeyer, Frederick J. (2005). The History of Linguistics. Linguistic Society of America. ISBN 978-0-415-11553-7. http://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/history-modern-linguistics. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
- Newmeyer, Frederick J. (1998). Language Form and Language Function. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. http://www.isc.cnrs.fr/FN_chapter1.pdf. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
- Nichols, Johanna (1992). Linguistic diversity in space and time. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-58057-9.
- Nichols, Johanna (1984). "Functional Theories of Grammar". Annual Review of Anthropology 13: 97–117. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.13.100184.000525.
- Olson, David R. (1996). "Language and Literacy: what writing does to Language and Mind". Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 16: 3–13. doi:10.1017/S0267190500001392.
- Payne, Thomas Edward (1997). Describing morphosyntax: a guide for field linguists. Cambridge University Press. pp. 238–41. ISBN 978-0-521-58805-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=LC3DfjWfCiwC&q=%22perfect+aspect%22+%22perfective+aspect%22&pg=PA239. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
- Pinker, Steven (1994). The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. Perennial.
- Romaine, Suzanne (2001). "Multilingualism". In Mark Aronoff. The Handbook of Linguistics. Blackwell. pp. 512–33.
- Sandler, Wendy; Lillo-Martin, Diane (2001). "Natural Sign Languages". In Mark Aronoff. The Handbook of Linguistics. Blackwell. pp. 533–63.
- Saussure, Ferdinand de (1983). Bally, Charles; Sechehaye, Albert. eds. Course in General Linguistics. Translated by Roy Harris. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9023-1.
- Senft, Gunter, ed (2008). Systems of Nominal Classification. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-06523-8.
- Tomasello, Michael (1996). "The Cultural Roots of Language". In B. Velichkovsky and D. Rumbaugh. Communicating Meaning: The Evolution and Development of Language. Psychology Press. pp. 275–308. ISBN 978-0-8058-2118-5.
- Tomasello, Michael (2008). Origin of Human Communication. MIT Press.
- Thomason, Sarah G.; Kaufman, Terrence (1988). Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics. University of California Press.
- Thomason, Sarah G. (2001). Language Contact – An Introduction. Edinburgh University Press.
- Trask, Robert Lawrence (1999). Language: The Basics (2nd ed.). Psychology Press.
- Trask, Robert Lawrence (2007). Stockwell, Peter. ed. Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts (2nd ed.). Routledge.
- Ulbaek, Ib (1998). "The Origin of Language and Cognition". In J. R. Hurford & C. Knight. Approaches to the evolution of language. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–43.
- Van Valin, jr, Robert D. (2001). "Functional Linguistics". In Mark Aronoff. The Handbook of Linguistics. Blackwell. pp. 319–37.
- Zentella, Ana Celia (2002). "Spanish in New York". In García, Ofelia; Fishman, Joshua. The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City. Walter de Gruyter.
Further reading
- Crystal, David (1997). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Cysouw, Michael; Good, Jeff (2013). "Languoid, doculect and glossonym: Formalizing the notion 'language'". Language Documentation and Conservation 7: 331–59. http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/4606.
- Swadesh, Morris (1934). "The phonemic principle". Language 10 (2): 117–29. doi:10.2307/409603. JSTOR 409603.
External links
This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Language" dated , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=|preview=Page using Template:Top icon with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|showblankpositional=1| 1 | 2 | 3 | alt | description | height | id | image | imagename | link | maincat | name | nocat | sortkey | subpage | text | usercat | width | wikilink }}
- World Atlas of Language Structures: a large database of structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of languages
- Ethnologue: Languages of the World is a comprehensive catalog of all of the world's known living languages
Search Wiktionary | Definitions from Wiktionary |
Search Commons | Media from Commons |
Search Wikinews | News from Wikinews |
Search Wikiquote | Quotations from Wikiquote |
Search Wikisource | Texts from Wikisource |
Search Wikibooks | Textbooks from Wikibooks |
Search Wikiversity | Learning resources from Wikiversity |
Template:Philosophy of language Template:Writing systems Template:Countries and languages lists Template:Dyslexia Template:Language phonologies
|