Deleted:d
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Template:Infobox grapheme Template:Latin letter info D, or d, is the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is dee (pronounced /ˈdiː/), plural dees.[1]
Contents
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph door, fish |
Phoenician daleth |
Western Greek Delta |
Etruscan D |
Latin D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <hiero>O31</hiero><hiero>K1</hiero><hiero>K2</hiero> | 35x35px | 50px | 30px | Latin D |
The Semitic letter Dāleth may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door.[2] There are many different Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek[3] and Latin,[4] the letter represented /d/; in the Etruscan alphabet[5] the letter was archaic, but still retained (see letter B). The equivalent Greek letter is Delta, Δ.[3]
The minuscule (lower-case) form of 'd' consists of a lower-story left bowl and a stem ascender. It most likely developed by gradual variations on the majuscule (capital) form 'D', and today now composed as a stem with a full lobe to the right. In handwriting, it was common to start the arc to the left of the vertical stroke, resulting in a serif at the top of the arc. This serif was extended while the rest of the letter was reduced, resulting in an angled stroke and loop. The angled stroke slowly developed into a vertical stroke.[6]
Use in writing systems
| Languages in italics are not usually written using the Latin alphabet | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Dialect(s) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environment | Notes |
| Mandarin Chinese | Standard | Template:IPAslink | Pinyin romanization | |
| English | Template:IPAslink | |||
| French | Template:IPAslink | Sometimes silent word-finally | ||
| German | Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink | See German orthography | ||
| Portuguese | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Spanish | Template:IPAslink | |||
| Turkish | Template:IPAslink | |||
English
In English, Template:Angbr generally represents the voiced alveolar plosive /d/.
D is the tenth most frequently used letter in the English language.
Other languages
In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, Template:Angbr generally represents the voiced alveolar or voiced dental plosive /d/.
In the Vietnamese alphabet, it represents the sound /z/ in northern dialects or /j/ in southern dialects. (See D with stroke and Dz (digraph).)
In Fijian it represents a prenasalized stop /ⁿd/.[7]
In some languages where voiceless unaspirated stops contrast with voiceless aspirated stops, Template:Angbr represents an unaspirated /t/, while Template:Angbr represents an aspirated /tʰ/. Examples of such languages include Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic, Navajo and the Pinyin transliteration of Mandarin.
Other systems
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, Template:Angbr represents the voiced alveolar plosive /d/.
Other uses
- In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, D is a number that corresponds to the number 13 in decimal (base 10) counting.[8]
- The Roman numeral D represents the number 500.[9]
- Unit prefix d, meaning one tenth.
- D is the grade below C but above E/F in the school grading system.
- D is the International vehicle registration code for Germany (see also .de).
- In Cantonese: Because the lack of Unicode CJK support in early computer systems, many Hong Kongers and Singaporeans used the capitalized D to represent 啲 (lit. a little).[10]
- In the Gregory-Aland system for cataloging Biblical manuscripts, D can refer to documents in the Western text-type tradition, either Codex Bezae or Codex Claromontanus.
- d. is the standard abbreviation for the Penny (British pre-decimal coin) (from Template:Lang-la)
Related characters
- Ɖ ɖ : African D
- Ð ð : Latin letter Eth
- D with diacritics: Đ đ Ꟈ ꟈ[11] Ɗ ɗ Ḋ ḋ Ḍ ḍ Ḑ ḑ Ḓ ḓ Ď ď Ḏ ḏ
- Phonetic symbols related to D:
- Symbols related to D used in the IPA: Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
- Symbols related to D used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet: ᴅ ᴰ ᵈ[12]
- Superscript IPA letters: 𐞋 𐞌 𐞍[13]
- Other phonetic symbols related to D: ȡ[14] ᵭ[15] ᶁ[16] ᶑ[16]
- Ƌ ƌ : D with topbar
- 𝼥 : D with mid-height left hook - Used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.[17]
- Ꝺ ꝺ : Insular D is used in various phonetic contexts[18]
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤃 : Semitic letter Dalet, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Δ δ : Greek letter Delta, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Template:Script : Coptic letter Delta
- Д д : Cyrillic letter De
- 𐌃 : Old Italic D, the ancestor of modern Latin D
- Template:Script : Runic letter dagaz, which is possibly a descendant of Old Italic D
- Template:Script Runic letter thurisaz, another possible descendant of Old Italic D
- Template:Script : Gothic letter daaz, which derives from Greek Delta
- Δ δ : Greek letter Delta, from which the following symbols originally derive
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- ₫ : Đồng sign
- ⅆ : Unicode symbol for d used as derivative symbol
- ∂ : the partial derivative symbol, <math>\partial</math>
Other representations
Computing
These are the code points for the forms of the letter in various systems Template:Charmap
Other
Template:Letter other reps In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'd' is indicated by signing with the right hand held with the index and thumb extended and slightly curved, and the tip of the thumb and finger held against the extended index of the left hand.
References
- ↑ "D" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "dee", op. cit.
- ↑ "The letter D". https://issuu.com/kenwilsonmax/docs/chicken__health_issue/s/25385.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Definition of DELTA" (in en). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/delta.
- ↑ "Latin Alphabet". https://www.sfu.ca/~ramccall/AncientandmodernLatinalphabet.pdf.
- ↑ Rex Wallace (2008) 𐌆𐌉𐌙 𐌓𐌀𐌔𐌍𐌀 𐌀 Zikh Rasna: A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions
- ↑ "Introduction to Old English". https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/engol.
- ↑ Lynch, John (1998). Pacific languages: an introduction. University of Hawaii Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-8248-1898-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=zYfV1jN3whUC&q=d+fijian+prenasalized&pg=PA97.
- ↑ "Hexadecimal Number System | There are Many Ways to Write Numbers". https://u.osu.edu/storageofdata/hexadecimal-number-system/.
- ↑ Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy. University of California Press. pp. 44. ISBN 9780520038981. https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord. Retrieved 3 October 2015. "roman numerals."
- ↑ "The Roman Alphabet in Cantonese". March 23, 2011. https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3045.
- ↑ Everson, Michael; Lilley, Chris (2019-05-26). "L2/19-179: Proposal for the addition of four Latin characters for Gaulish". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19179-n5044-tau-gallicum.pdf.
- ↑ Everson, Michael (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf.
- ↑ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf.
- ↑ Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (2001-09-20). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01347-n2366r.pdf.
- ↑ Constable, Peter (2003-09-30). "L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf.
- ↑ Miller, Kirk; Rees, Neil (2021-07-16). "L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf.
- ↑ Everson, Michael (2006-08-06). "L2/06-266: Proposal to add Latin letters and a Greek symbol to the UCS". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06266-n3122-insular.pdf.
External links
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