Deleted:Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States

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File:Potus-heights.png
Presidents have grown taller over time as shown using linear trend estimation.

A record of the heights of the Presidents of the United States and presidential candidates is useful for evaluating what role, if any, height plays in presidential elections. Some observers have noted that the taller of the two major-party candidates tends to prevail, and argue this is due to the public's preference for taller candidates.[1]

The tallest U.S. President was Abraham Lincoln at Template:Convert/and/in, while the shortest was James Madison at Template:Convert/and/in.

Donald Trump, the current President, is Template:Convert/and/in,[2] and Mike Pence, the current Vice-President, is Template:Convert/and/in.[3]

U.S. Presidents by height order

File:Abraham Lincoln, 1863.jpg
Abraham Lincoln at 6 ft /4 in (193 cm) surmounts Lyndon B. Johnson as the tallest president.
File:James Madison Portrait2.jpg
James Madison, the shortest President, was 5 ft 4 in (163 cm).
File:ObamaTrump.jpg
Donald Trump and Barack Obama on Donald Trump's inauguration.
Rank No. President Height (in) Height (cm) references
1 16 Abraham Lincoln Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [4]
2 36 Lyndon B. Johnson Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [5][6][7]
3 45 Donald Trump Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [2]
4 3 Thomas Jefferson Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][9]
5 1 George Washington Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [10]
21 Chester A. Arthur Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
32 Franklin D. Roosevelt Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
41 George H. W. Bush Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][11]
42 Bill Clinton Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][11][12][13][14][15]
10 7 Andrew Jackson Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][16]
35 John F. Kennedy Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][17]
40 Ronald Reagan Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
44 Barack Obama Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [18][19]
14 5 James Monroe Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][20]
10 John Tyler Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
15 James Buchanan Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
20 James A. Garfield Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
29 Warren G. Harding Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
38 Gerald Ford Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][21]
20 27 William Howard Taft Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [22]
31 Herbert Hoover Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [23]
43 George W. Bush Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [15][24][25][26]
23 Template:Hs22, 24 Grover Cleveland Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
37 Richard Nixon Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][21]
28 Woodrow Wilson Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][27]
26 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
27 14 Franklin Pierce Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
17 Andrew Johnson Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
26 Theodore Roosevelt Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][20]
30 Calvin Coolidge Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
31 39 Jimmy Carter Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][21]
32 13 Millard Fillmore Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
33 Harry S. Truman Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
34 19 Rutherford B. Hayes Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][28]
35 9 William Henry Harrison Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
11 James K. Polk Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][29]
12 Zachary Taylor Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][20]
18 Ulysses S. Grant Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [30]
39 6 John Quincy Adams Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [31]
40 2 John Adams Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][32]
25 William McKinley Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8]
42 23 Benjamin Harrison Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [33]
8 Martin Van Buren Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [34]
44 4 James Madison Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in [8][35]

Electoral success as a function of height

File:Election heights 1798-2004.png
Graph of winner v. loser heights in presidential elections from 1789 - 2004

Various folk wisdoms about U.S. presidential politics put forward the view that the taller of the two major-party candidates always wins or almost always wins since the advent of the televised presidential debate.

There is more data if the relationship of electoral success to height difference starts from the year 1900, rather than from the beginning of televised debates. In the twenty-eight presidential elections between 1900 and 2011, eighteen of the winning candidates have been taller than their opponents, while eight have been shorter, and two have been of the same height. On average the winner was Template:Convert/inch taller than the loser.

The claims about taller candidates winning almost all modern presidential elections is still pervasive, however. Examples of such views include:

  • In Ray Bradbury's 1953 dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451, when Mildred and her friends talk about the success of one presidential candidate over the other in a recent election, they talk only about the attractiveness of the winning candidate over the loser. One of their points is "You just don't go running a little short man like that against a tall man."
  • A 1988 article in the Los Angeles Times fashion section about a haberdasher devoted to clothing shorter men included a variation of the tale: "Stern says he just learned that Dukakis is 5 feet, 8 inches. 'Did you know,' he adds, noticeably disappointed, 'that since 1900 the taller of the two candidates always wins?'"[36]
  • A 1997 book called How to Make Anyone Fall in Love with You discusses the issue in a section about the importance of height: "What about height? One assumes the taller the better, because our culture venerates height. In fact, practically every president elected in the United States since 1900 was the taller of the two candidates."[37]
  • A chapter titled "Epistemology at the Core of Postmodernism" in the 2002 book Telling the Truth: Evangelizing Postmodernisms makes this observation: "I remember the subversive effect the observation had on me that in every U.S. presidential race, the taller of the two candidates had been elected. It opened up space for a counterdiscourse to the presumed rationality of the electoral process."[38]
  • A 1975 book called First Impressions: The Psychology of Encountering Others notes: "Elevator Shoes, Anyone? One factor which has a far-reaching influence on how people are perceived, at least in American society, is height. From 1900 to 1968 the man elected U.S. president was always the taller of the two candidates. (Richard Nixon was slightly shorter than George McGovern.)"[39]
  • A 1978 book titled The Psychology of Person Identification states: "They also say that every President of the USA elected since the turn of the [20th] century has been the taller of the two candidates (Jimmy Carter being an exception)."[40]
  • A 1999 book, Survival of the Prettiest by Nancy Etcoff, repeated a version of the legend in a section on the power of heights: "...Since 1776 only [two Presidents,] James Madison and Benjamin Harrison[,] have been below-average height. The easiest way to predict the winner in a United States election is to bet on the taller man: in this century you would have had an unbroken string of hits until 1972 when Richard Nixon beat George McGovern."[41]

A comparison of the heights of the winning presidential candidate with the losing candidate from each election since 1789 is provided below to evaluate such views.

Comparative table of heights of United States presidential candidates

  Taller candidate was elected    Shorter candidate was elected 
  Winner and opponent were of the same height   Comparison data unavailable 
Election Winner
in Electoral College
Height Main opponent(s)
during election
Height Difference
2016 Donald Trump[2] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Hillary Clinton*[42] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 10 in 25 cm
2012 Barack Obama Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Mitt Romney[43] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in ½ in 2 cm
2008 Barack Obama Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in John McCain[44] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 4 in 10 cm
2004 George W. Bush Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in John Kerry[21] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 4½ in 11 cm
2000 George W. Bush Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Al Gore*[11][45] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 1½ in 3 cm
1996 Bill Clinton Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Bob Dole[46] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in ½ in 1 cm
1992 Bill Clinton Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in George H.W. Bush Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 0 in 0 cm
1988 George H.W. Bush Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Michael Dukakis[47] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 6 in 15 cm
1984 Ronald Reagan Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Walter Mondale[11] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 2 in 5 cm
1980 Ronald Reagan Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Jimmy Carter Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 3½ in 8 cm
1976 Jimmy Carter Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Gerald Ford Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 2½ in 6 cm
1972 Richard Nixon Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in George McGovern[21][48] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 1½ in 3 cm
1968 Richard Nixon Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Hubert Humphrey[48] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in ½ in 2 cm
1964 Lyndon B. Johnson Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Barry Goldwater[48] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 4½ in 12 cm
1960 John F. Kennedy Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Richard Nixon Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in ½ in 1 cm
1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Adlai Stevenson II[48] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in ½ in 1 cm
1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Adlai Stevenson II Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in ½ in 1 cm
1948 Harry S. Truman Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Thomas Dewey[47][48] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 1 in 2 cm
1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Thomas Dewey Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 6 in 15 cm
1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Wendell Willkie[48][49] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in ½ in 1 cm
1936 Franklin D. Roosevelt Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Alfred Landon[48] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 3 in 8 cm
1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Herbert Hoover Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 2½ in 6 cm
1928 Herbert Hoover Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Al Smith[48] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in ½ in 2 cm
1924 Calvin Coolidge Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in John W. Davis[48] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 1 in 2 cm
1920 Warren G. Harding Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in James M. Cox[50] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 6 in 15 cm
1916 Woodrow Wilson Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Charles Evans Hughes[48] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 1 in 2 cm
1912 Woodrow Wilson Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in William Howard Taft
Theodore Roosevelt
5 ft 11 Template:Frac in
5 ft 10 in
182 cm
178 cm
½ in
1 in
2 cm
2 cm
1908 William Howard Taft Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in William Jennings Bryan[51][52][53][54] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in ½ in 2 cm
1904 Theodore Roosevelt Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Alton B. Parker[48] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 1 in 3 cm
1900 William McKinley Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in William Jennings Bryan Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 4 in 10 cm
1896 William McKinley Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in William Jennings Bryan Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 4 in 10 cm
1892 Grover Cleveland Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Benjamin Harrison Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 5 in 12 cm
1888 Benjamin Harrison Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Grover Cleveland* Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 5 in 12 cm
1884 Grover Cleveland Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in James G. Blaine[55] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 0 in 0 cm
1880 James A. Garfield Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Winfield Hancock[56] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 1½ in 4 cm
1876 Rutherford B. Hayes Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Samuel Tilden*[57] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 1½ in 4 cm
1872 Ulysses S. Grant Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Horace Greeley[58] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 2 in 5 cm
1868 Ulysses S. Grant Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Horatio Seymour      
1864 Abraham Lincoln Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in George B. McClellan[59] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 8 in 20 cm
1860 Abraham Lincoln Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in John C. Breckinridge[60]
Stephen A. Douglas[61]
6 ft 2 in
5 ft 4 in
188 cm
163 cm
2 in
12 in
5 cm
30 cm
1856 James Buchanan Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Millard Fillmore
John C. Frémont[62]
69 in5 ft 9 in
5 ft 9 in
175 cm
175 cm
3 in
3 in
8 cm
8 cm
1852 Franklin Pierce Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Winfield Scott[63] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 7 in 18 cm
1848 Zachary Taylor Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Lewis Cass[64] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in ½ in 1 cm
1844 James K. Polk Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Henry Clay[65] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 5 in 12 cm
1840 William Henry Harrison Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Martin Van Buren Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 2 in 5 cm
1836 Martin Van Buren Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Hugh Lawson White[66]
William Henry Harrison
5 ft 11 in
68 in5 ft 8 in
180 cm
173 cm
5 in
2 in
12 cm
5 cm
1832 Andrew Jackson Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Henry Clay Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 0 in 0 cm
1828 Andrew Jackson Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in John Quincy Adams Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 5½ in 14 cm
1824 John Quincy Adams Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in William H. Crawford[67][68]
Andrew Jackson**
Henry Clay
6 ft 3 in
73 in6 ft 1 in
73 in6 ft 1 in
191 cm
185 cm
185 cm
7½ in
5½ in
5½ in
20 cm
14 cm
14 cm
1820 James Monroe Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in          
1816 James Monroe Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Rufus King        
1812 James Madison Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in DeWitt Clinton[69] Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 11 in 28 cm
1808 James Madison Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Charles C. Pinckney Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 5 in 12 cm
1804 Thomas Jefferson Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Charles C. Pinckney Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 5½ in 14 cm
1800 Thomas Jefferson Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in John Adams Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 7½ in 19 cm
1796 John Adams Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in Thomas Jefferson Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in 7½ in 19 cm
1792 George Washington Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in          
1789 George Washington Template:NtshTemplate:Convert/and/in          

Notes:

* Lost the electoral vote, but received more popular votes

** Lost the House of Representatives vote, but received the most popular votes and a plurality of electoral votes, however not the majority needed to win.

† Ran unopposed

Extremes

File:Lincoln O-62 by Gardner, 1862-crop.jpg
President Lincoln at Antietam with a group of Army officers

The tallest president elected to office was Abraham Lincoln (Template:Convert/and/in). Portrait artist Francis Bicknell Carpenter supplies the information for Lincoln:

Mr. Lincoln's height was six feet three and three-quarter inches "in his stocking-feet." He stood up one day, at the right of my large canvas, while I marked his exact height upon it.[4]

A disputed theory holds that Lincoln's height is the result of the genetic condition multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b (MEN2B); see medical and mental health of Abraham Lincoln.[70]

Only slightly shorter than Lincoln was Lyndon B. Johnson (Template:Convert/and/in), the tallest President who originally entered office without being elected directly. The shortest President elected to office was James Madison (Template:Convert/and/in); the shortest President to originally enter the office by means other than election is tied between Millard Fillmore and Harry S. Truman (both were Template:Convert/and/in).

The tallest unsuccessful presidential candidate (who is also the tallest of all presidential candidates) is Winfield Scott, who stood at Template:Convert/and/in and lost the 1852 election to Franklin Pierce, who stood at Template:Convert/and/in. The second tallest unsuccessful candidate is John Kerry, at Template:Convert/and/in. The shortest unsuccessful presidential candidate is Stephen A. Douglas, at Template:Convert/and/in. The next shortest is Hillary Clinton, who lost the 2016 election and is Template:Convert/and/in.

The largest height difference between two presidential candidates (out of the candidates whose heights are known) was in the 1860 election, when Abraham Lincoln stood 12 inches (30 cm) taller than opponent Stephen A. Douglas. The second-largest difference was in the 1812 election, with De Witt Clinton standing 11 inches (28 cm) taller than incumbent James Madison. The 2016 election between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton has the third largest difference at 10 inches (25 cm), and is notable for being the first time two candidates from major parties are of different genders.

Notes

  1. As some examples, USA TODAY listed height among six criteria for predicting who would win the 2004 election; a Washington Post blog 29, 2012/https://web.archive.org/web/20120729110212/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/44/2007/10/11/head_and_shoulders_above.html Archived July 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. noted the significance of height in physical appearance and its effect on voters. See the discussion of this phenomenon later in the article for further examples.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 http://www.cnn.com/2018/01/16/politics/ronny-jackson-health-donald-trump/index.html
  3. Flores, Reena (17 September 2016). "Mike Pence releases doctor's note on medical records". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/mike-pence-releases-doctors-note-on-medical-records/. Retrieved 30 May 2017. 
  4. 4.0 4.1 Carpenter, Francis B. (1866). Six Months in the White House: The Story of a Picture. Hurd and Houghton.. p. 217. 
  5. Dallek, Robert (1998). Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973. Oxford University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0195054651. https://books.google.com/books?id=G_J3PEegwdYC&pg=PA524. 
  6. Caro, Robert (1982). The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power. New York: Knopf. p. 146. ISBN 978-0394499734. 
  7. Dallek, Robert (2003). An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy. Little, Brown, and Co.. p. 354. 
  8. 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 Kane, Joseph (1994). Facts about the Presidents: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information. New York: H. W. Wilson. pp. 344–45. ISBN 0-8242-0845-5. 
  9. Macdonald, Zanne (July 1992). "Physical Descriptions of Thomas Jefferson". Monticello Report. Monticello Research Department. Archived from the original on July 13, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090713095145/http://www.monticello.org/reports/people/descriptions.html. Retrieved May 17, 2009. 
  10. Various sources have put Washington's height between 6 ft and 6 ft 3 in. See: Chernow, Ron, Washington: A Life, 2010, The Penguin Press HC ISBN 1-59420-266-4; Wilson, Woodrow, George Washington, 2004, Cosimo, Inc., p. 111; Alden, John Richard, George Washington: A Biography, 1984, Louisiana State University Press, p. 11; Lodge, Henry Cabot, George Washington, Vol. I, 2007, The Echo Library, p. 30; Haworth, Paul Leland, George Washington, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 119; Thayer, William Roscoe, George Washington, 1931, Plain Label Books, p. 65
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Page, Susan (June 23, 2004). "Time-tested formulas suggest both Bush and Kerry will win on Nov. 2". USA TODAY. https://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-06-23-bush-kerry-cover_x.htm. Retrieved May 13, 2009. 
  12. Sommers, Paul M. (January 2002). "Is Presidential Greatness Related to Height?". The College Mathematics Journal 33 (1): 14–16. doi:10.2307/1558973. 
  13. Sedghi, Ami (October 18, 2011). "Statesmen and stature: how tall are our world leaders?". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/oct/18/world-leader-heights-tall. 
  14. Mathews, Jay (August 3, 1999). "The Shrinking Field". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/wh2000/stories/tall080399.htm. 
  15. 15.0 15.1 "Presidential Height Index". The Height Site. Archived from the original on August 23, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120823011119/http://www.heightsite.com/2-BEING-TALL/tallest/presidential-height-index.html. Retrieved August 22, 2012. 
  16. Remini, Robert V., Andrew Jackson, HarperCollins, 1969, p. 15. ISBN 0-06-080132-8
  17. Hendriks, Steven (2017). "JFK Presidential Library". The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Fast-Facts.aspxl. Retrieved April 19, 2009. 
  18. Office of the Press Secretary (February 28, 2010). "Release of the President's Medical Exam". The White House. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100325235550/http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/potus_med_exam_feb2010.pdf. Retrieved March 1, 2010. 
  19. Mann, Simon (March 2, 2010). "Fit for duty: Obama gets clean bill of health". Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax Digital). http://www.smh.com.au/world/fit-for-duty-obama-gets-clean-bill-of-health-20100301-pdjr.html. Retrieved March 1, 2010. 
  20. 20.0 20.1 20.2 Whitcomb, John and Claire Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House, Routledge (UK), 2002. ISBN 0-415-93951-8
  21. 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Tossey, Lisa D. (2004). "Is presidential race a simple matter of standing tall?". The Pendulum Online. http://www.elon.edu/e-web/pendulum/Issues/2004/onlinefeatures/election/tall.xhtml. Retrieved April 19, 2009. 
  22. Sotos, John G. Taft and Pickwick: sleep apnea in the White House. Chest. 2003;124:1133-1142.Online copy
  23. Nash, George H. (1988). The Life of Herbert Hoover. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 365. 
  24. "Report on President Bush's Physical Examination". New York Times. August 2, 2006. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/02/washington/02bush-physical.html. 
  25. "Medical History Summary: President George W. Bush". FindLaw. August 7, 2007. http://news.findlaw.com/nytimes/docs/gwbush/gwbush80707medicalhistory.html. Retrieved March 2, 2010. 
  26. Scott, David (October 18, 2011). "GOP Debate: Does height matter in presidential politics?". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/1018/GOP-Debate-Does-height-matter-in-presidential-politics. 
  27. Levin, Phyllis Lee, Edith & Woodrow: the Wilson White House, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-7432-1158-8 Google Print
  28. Davison, Kenneth E (1972). The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, Inc. p. 69. ISBN 0-8371-6275-0. 
  29. Behrman, Carol H.James K. Polk, Twenty-First Century Books, 2004. ISBN 0-8225-1396-X
  30. King, Charles, The True Ulysses Grant, Philadelphia & London, J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1914.Google Print
  31. Levy, Debbie,John Quincy Adams, Twenty-First Century Books, 2004, p. 28. ISBN 0-8225-0825-7
  32. Ferling, John E., John Adams: A Life, Owl Books, 1996, ISBN 0-8050-4576-7, p. 169.Google Print
  33. Loderhouse, Gary and Nelson Price, William Addison Hunter, Legendary Hoosiers: Famous Folks from the State of Indiana, Emmis Books, 1999. ISBN 1-57860-097-9 Google Print
  34. Widmer, Ted and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Edward L. Widmer, Martin Van Buren, Times Books, 2005, p. 2. ISBN 0-8050-6922-4
  35. Phillips, Louis, Ask Me Anything About the Presidents, HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 0-380-76426-1
  36. Los Angeles Times, March 25, 1988, pg. 7
  37. Lowndes, Leil, How to Make Anyone Fall in Love with You, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1997, pp.174-175. ISBN 0-8092-2989-7 Google Print
  38. Telling the Truth: Evangelizing Postmoderns, edited by D.A. Carson, Zondervan, 2002, p. 83. ISBN 0-310-24334-3 Google Print
  39. Kleinke, Chris L., First Impressions: The Psychology of Encountering Others, Prentice-Hall, 1975, p. 13. ISBN 0-13-318428-5 Google Print
  40. Clifford, Brian R. and Ray Bull, The Psychology of Person Identification, Routledge & K. Paul, 1978, p. 115. ISBN 0-7100-8867-1. Print
  41. Etcoff, Nancy, Survival of the Prettiest, New York, Anchor Books, 1999. ISBN 0-385-47942-5
  42. Mathews, Jay (September 24, 2015). "Is Hillary Clinton getting taller? Or is the Internet getting dumber?" (in en-US). The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/is-hillary-clinton-getting-taller-or-is-the-internet-getting-dumber/2015/09/24/58af4dfa-5e33-11e5-9757-e49273f05f65_story.html. 
  43. "Obama and Romney Stack Up on BMI, Physical Fitness, and More". Huffington Post: p. 7. November 6, 2012. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121027225338/http://dailycaller.com/2012/09/22/romney-ryan-health-by-the-numbers-2/. Retrieved February 6, 2012. "height: 6'1.5, weight: 184 lbs, BMI: 23.9" 
  44. "John McCain Medical Records". The Washington Post: p. 7. May 23, 2008. http://i.usatoday.net/news/mmemmottpdf/mccain-health-pool-report-5-23-2008.pdf. Retrieved February 23, 2009. "height: 175.3 CM, weight: 78.93 KG, BMI: 25.68" 
  45. "The Shrinking Field". The Washington Post. August 3, 1999. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/wh2000/stories/tall080399.htm. Retrieved April 27, 2009. 
  46. The Washington Post listed Dole at 6'2"/1.88 m, USA TODAY listed him at 6'1"/1.85 m
  47. 47.0 47.1 Dowd, Maureen (June 21, 1992). "Where They Stand". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/21/style/where-they-stand.html. Retrieved May 13, 2009. 
  48. 48.00 48.01 48.02 48.03 48.04 48.05 48.06 48.07 48.08 48.09 48.10 Gillis, John S. (1982). Too Tall, Too Small. Champaign, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc.. p. 20. ISBN 0-918296-15-3. 
  49. "Wendell Willkie". imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0932521/bio. Retrieved December 1, 2016. 
  50. Morris, Charles E. (1920). Progressive Democracy of James M. Cox. The Bobbs-Merrill Company. p. 9. https://books.google.com/books?id=SF7pOVvN7VcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 
  51. Gillis, Too Tall, Too Small, p. 20. Lists his height as Template:Convert/and/in.
  52. Edwards, Rebecca; DeFeo, Sarah (2000). "William Jennings Bryan". 1896: The Presidential Campaign. Vassar College. http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/bryan.html. Retrieved April 20, 2009.  Lists his height as Template:Convert/and/in.
  53. Wilson, Charles Morrow (1970). The Commoner: William Jennings Bryan. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. p. 40.  Lists his height as Template:Convert/and/in during his second year in college.
  54. Springen, Donald K. (1991). William Jennings Bryan: Orator of Small-Town America. Greenwood Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-313-25977-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=vvB2AAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s.  Lists his height as Template:Convert/and/in.
  55. Records of his height have been difficult to obtain. In one biography, he was described as "just under six feet in height". While not a definitive record of his height, this description does allow us to presume he was at least comparable in height to Cleveland. See Crawford, Thomas Clark (1893). James G. Blaine: A Study of his Life and Career, from the Standpoint of a Personal Witness of the Principal Events in his History. Edgewood Publishing Co.. p. 26. https://books.google.com/books?id=8T8OAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s&pgis=1. Retrieved June 26, 2009. 
  56. Jordan, David M. (1988). Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-253-36580-5. 
  57. Bigelow, John (1895). The Life of Samuel Tilden (vol. 1). New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 283. 
  58. Stoddart, Henry Luther (1946). Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 38. 
  59. Eckenrode, Hamilton James; Bryan Conrad (1941). George B. McClellan, the man who saved the Union. University of North Carolina Press. p. 2. https://books.google.com/books?id=dHsBAAAAMAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s&pgis=1. Retrieved June 26, 2009. 
  60. Davis, William C. (1974). Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-8071-0068-4. 
  61. Johanssen, Robert W. (1973). Stephen A. Douglas. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4. 
  62. Life of John Charles Fremont. New York: Greeley & McElrath. 1856. p. 31. https://archive.org/details/lifeofjohncharle00greerich. Retrieved July 6, 2009. 
  63. Heidler, David Stephen (2004). Encyclopedia of the War of 1812. Naval Institute Press. p. 464. ISBN 1-59114-362-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=_c09EJgek50C&pg=PA465&lpg=PA465&dq=winfield+scott+height&source=bl&ots=MAagZuJady&sig=93MlE859Ya4rzFDYxqWg2LIA3HE&hl=en&ei=QegPSurGHcKHkAWly_muBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#PPA464,M1. Retrieved May 17, 2009. 
  64. According to Cass's biography, he was "about five foot eight or nine inches". See Woodford, Frank B. (1950). Lewis Cass: The Last Jeffersonian. New Brunswick and New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 32. 
  65. Seymour, Chas C. B. (1858). Self-made men. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 137. https://books.google.com/books?id=PaH8F0-HeToC&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved July 6, 2009. 
  66. Scott, Nancy N. (1856). A Memoir of Hugh Lawson White, Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, Member of the Senate of the United States, etc., etc.. Michigan: J. B. Lippincott & Co.. p. 243. https://books.google.com/books?id=0CbKkRjp7_4C&dq=hugh+lawson+white&source=gbs_navlinks_s. Retrieved June 25, 2009. 
  67. Mooney, Chase Curran (1974). William H. Crawford, 1772-1834. Michigan: University of Kentucky Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-8131-1270-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=XS13AAAAMAAJ&q=william+h.+crawford&dq=william+h.+crawford&pgis=1. Retrieved June 25, 2009. 
  68. One biography of Crawford describes his stature as being "considerably over six feet". See Butler, Benjamin F. (1824). Sketches of the Life and Character of William H. Crawford. Albany: Packard and Benthuysen. p. 35. 
  69. Cornog, Evan, The Birth of Empire: DeWitt Clinton and the American Experience, 1769-1828, ISBN 0-19-514051-6
  70. Sotos, John G. (2008). The Physical Lincoln. Mt. Vernon Book Systems. ISBN 978-0-9818193-2-7. 

References

  • Kane, Joseph (1993). Facts about the Presidents: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information. New York: H. W. Wilson. ISBN 0-8242-0845-5. 
  • Sommers, Paul M. (January 2002). "Is Presidential Greatness Related to Height?". The College Mathematics Journal 33 (1): 14–16. doi:10.2307/1558973. 
  • Gillis, John S. (1982). Too Tall, Too Small. Champaign, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc.. ISBN 0-918296-15-3. 
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External links

Template:Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents