Oscar Kashala

From WikiAlpha
Jump to: navigation, search

Oscar Kashala Lukumuena (born August 4, 1954) is a physician, scientist, clinical researcher, university professor,[1][2] and senior executive in the biopharmaceutical industry in the United States of America (USA).[3][4][5] He is a politician in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and was a reformer candidate in 2006[6][7][8] and 2011 presidential elections.[9][10] Kashala is the National President of the Union for the Rebuilding of Congo (UREC),[11][12] a political party registered in November 2005 with the DRC Government.[13] UREC participated in the 2006 and 2011 presidential and legislative elections in DRC.[14][15][16][17]

Oscar L Kashala.png

Background and Education

A native of DRC,[18][19] Kashala was born on August 4, 1954, in Lubumbashi, Haut-Katanga District, to Congolese parents. He is the son of a retired military sergeant in the Force Publique, the Congolese Army, under Belgian colonization. Kashala was raised in an environment focused on strict discipline, Christian faith, hard work, excellence in education, and family values. He excelled as a student at College Saint Francois de Sales and as a Boy Scout.

Kashala graduated from Kinshasa University Medical School in 1980 with honors.[19][20] He entered a Residency in Internal Medicine and Fellowship in Academic and Clinical Pathology at the University of Kinshasa Teaching Hospital, concentrating on tumor pathology and infectious diseases. He then entered Oncology and Pathology Fellowship and Immunology training at the World Health Organization (WHO), Immunology Research and Training Centre at the University of Lausanne, and University of Geneva Medical Schools. In 1986, the World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (WHO/AFRO) awarded him a Fellowship for Medical Oncology in Boston.

Kashala previously took a leave of absence from his employers to campaign in the 2006 elections after years of residence in the United States.[18] He recently ran for the Office of the President of DRC for the Presidential elections on November 28, 2011.[9][10]

In September 1986, Kashala was appointed by the Government of DRC (formerly Zaire) as the Chairman of the DRC National Cancer Institute to be built in Kinshasa. This appointment led to the WHO/AFRO award to Kashala to continue his training in medical oncology and cancer biology abroad. He was hand-picked by Harvard University in Kinshasa. He was brought to Boston to deepen his expertise in basic medical oncology and retrovirology under the guidance of Professor Myron Elmer "Max" Essex, DVM, Ph.D., the Mary Woodard Lasker Professor of Health Sciences at Harvard University, Chair of the Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, and Chair of the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute in Gaborone, Botswana.[21]

Kashala obtained a Cancer Biology and Retrovirology Fellowship in Boston at Harvard University. This was followed by admission into a doctoral program in Cancer Biology and Immunology in a combined degree program at Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kashala received a Doctor of Science degree from Harvard University in 1992. Moreover, Kashala is a graduate of Harvard University.[21][17]

Kashala held senior executive positions in the pharmaceutical industry and senior advisory positions to the various head of state in Africa.[22][23] He has worked with governments both in Central and West Africa, South East Asia, and South America in matters related to public health, global security, education, foreign assistance, and international finance in countries, including Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Republic of Guinea, Senegal, The Gambia, Uganda, Thailand, Colombia, and the Philippines. Kashala also consulted on trade and commerce with various firms in the private sector, government and non-government organizations, and the United States Congress, European Union, and China.[24][25][26]

In May 2004, Kashala was invited by the Government of DRC to enter into discussions on how to develop the country best. To assist the Government, he led a delegation of businessmen, academicians, public health, and security experts to Kinshasa. His experience during the official trip to DRC changed his views on the ability of the leadership in place to establish good governance, affect public administration and security reforms, and bring the social change required to lessen the burden of everyday life in DRC.[27]

Kashala used his high-level contacts in the US and formed a working group with retired US military personnel and key stakeholders to create a Congo action plan. The plan’s major objectives were to improve DRC political environment, boost the economy, and promote and secure peace and stability. He entered politics in 2005 and created a political party, UREC. UREC ran a very effective pre-campaign that threatened the majority party led by Joseph Kabila, the then incumbent DRC President. In May 2006, thirty-two Kashala’s security detail members were accused of plotting to overthrow the interim Congo President.[18][28] Kashala and the international community dismissed the allegations as a blatant attempt by Kabila's administration to intimidate him.[29]

In the 2006 election, Kashala finished in fifth place with 4% of votes in the first round of voting, well short of Jean-Pierre Bemba's 20% and Joseph Kabila's 45%.[30] It is believed Kashala finished third in the electoral cycle, rigged with massive fraud, irregularity, and intimidation. UREC considers the results of these elections to be a strong indicator of Kashala’s message for total independence, social justice, equity, hope, compassion, integrity, responsible leadership, and a strong economy, as detailed in its Kashala Blue Print for a New Congo, which resonated well with the people. His campaign was meddled with by the Government that used tactics such as house arrests, arrest of his legal team members, imprisonment and torture of several UREC members, and illegal grounding of his planes. As a consequence, UREC had only 3 days to campaign in 5 of the 11 provinces of DRC, where it spent a maximum of 5 hours per province. This was in contrast to other candidates living in the country who had started campaigning several months in violation of the electoral law. Kashala was viewed as the game changer in Congolese politics.[31][32][33]

In 2011, Kashala and his political party entered the electoral cycle arena again. DRC’s pre-election environment was tense, and violence was near the boiling point. The campaign was characterized by insults, tribal divisions all over the country, and violence in the southern province of Katanga. The country was divided, and more violence was expected. Political parties were divided into opposition and presidential majority. Several candidates targeted each other with insults, tribal strife, and acts of violence that led to severe physical injuries and deaths of party members. In Katanga province, people from the Kasai provinces were threatened, beaten, and in a few instances, killings took place. Sensing the danger of widespread violence and instability that threatened national unity, Kashala instructed his teams to stop campaigning for the scheduled elections and to launch their plan for pacification of DRC immediately.[17][33]

Kashala and his teams traveled to Katanga and other states. They met with community and church leaders, the residents of the Katanga province, and the local civil society to raise awareness of the sense of national unity of the need for community collaboration. In addition, Kashala spent countless hours on the national and local television networks building a sense of national unity and common purpose of the Congolese people, the importance of non-violence and tolerance. His message was heard.[34] Kashala was regarded as a peaceful and charismatic leader who was able to break peace during the election between the opposition and the presidential majority and prevent bloodshed in the country.[15] His efforts were recognized by the Congolese citizens, the local diplomatic community, and President Kabila.[35] Kashala was the only candidate from the Congolese political opposition to have been invited by President Joseph Kabila to attend his swearing-in ceremony.

Kashala is the Chairman of the Board of Global Enterprise Services Corporation (hereinafter referred to as “GLOBEX"), a holdings company with many global dealings, mainly for-profit ventures. He is the President of the Harold Michael Kashala Foundation for Health Care and Partnership, Inc., a non-profit organization devoted to human development in the least developed countries.[36]

Career

Kashala began his career at Cambridge Biotech Corporation (later known as Aquila Biopharmaceuticals) as a Director of Medical Affairs and Tropical Diseases and Director of Molecular Pathogenesis Laboratory. In that capacity, he managed to put the AIDS vaccine for Africans infected with HIV on the international agenda. He initiated the first laboratory HIV-1 vaccine development studies ever conducted based on the use of virus strains that are common in Africa, with the support of the US Government, the World Health Organization (WHO), and other partners in the industry.[3][4][5][37][38][39]

Kashala is widely seen as a scientific and medical advocate for equity in human development. In 1992, he joined Cambridge Biotech Corporation (later known as Aquila Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.) as Director of Medical Affairs and Tropical Diseases

Kashala’s investigations on the clinical utility of QS-21, Cambridge Biotech Corporation’s proprietary adjuvant, and collaboration with Walter-Reed Army Institute of Research and SmithKline Beecham, plc (now GlaxoSmithKline) resulted in new formulations of vaccine adjuvants for several infectious diseases, and the successful development of the RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) malaria vaccine. Dr. Kashala and colleagues from the US National Cancer Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer enter, Stanford University, Brigham and Women Hospital and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, (New York City, Brussels) pioneered the research on cancer vaccines formulated with the immunological QS-21 and gangliosides GM2, GD2, and GD3, p21ras oncoprotein and peptides, bcr/abl, tyrosinase, MAGE-3, and PSA/PSMA peptides, MUC-1 protein, tumor Ig protein idiotype, monoclonal antibody BEC2 and CEA anti-idiotype, sialyl Tn carbohydrate, globo H hexasaccharide, whole cell melanoma purified extract, and irradiated autologous tumor cells. These studies demonstrated for the first time substantial enhancement of vaccine-induced B and T cell responses by QS-21 in vaccines against melanoma, neuroblastoma, leukemia/lymphoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostate, ovarian, colorectal, and lung cancers. They laid the ground for adopting QS-21 as an ideal adjuvant for commercial vaccines at GlaxoSmithKline and Merck.

In 1998, he joined Lexigen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and EMD Pharmaceuticals, both affiliates of the giant pharmaceutical company Merck KGaA of Darmstadt, Germany, and was appointed Medical Director, Clinical Oncology Research. At EMD Pharmaceuticals (Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC), Kashala managed the solid tumors portfolio, conducted global clinical trials, and built an impressive network of key opinion leaders worldwide.

In 2002, Kashala transitioned to Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Takeda Oncology Company, where he was appointed Senior Director of Clinical Research, Clinical Oncology,[19] and was assigned global responsibility for developing bortezomib (VELCADE) in solid tumors. He later joined EMD Serono, Inc. (2007), an Affiliate of Merck KGaA. He was appointed Senior Director of Clinical Oncology Development and Head, Oncology Development,[3][4][22] with overall responsibility for the clinical research and development activities in the US. At EMD Serono, Inc., Kashala joined the senior leadership team and focused the company’s efforts on cancer immunotherapy for breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer.[40][41]

In March 2013, Kashala was appointed Senior Vice President for Research and Development and Senior Vice President for Business Development, Africa Goal Strategy for Nanobiosym, Inc., a company focused on using nanotechnology to diagnose and treat human diseases. During his tenure, he was instrumental in developing the clinical strategy for the Gene Radar technology platform for diagnosing and treating infectious diseases and cancer and for shaping the key opinion leaders' management plans for African countries. In 2015, Kashala joined Affimed, Inc. as Vice-President, Medical, US.[3][5]

Kashala has played a central role in affecting the public health policy discourse that has taken place in Africa over the past 25 years. Kashala has served in leadership positions within the global pharmaceutical industry and has been responsible for providing governments with policy guidance to address public health challenges afflicting their societies. He has served in an advisory capacity to the WHO/ World Bank/International Monetary Funds and the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO/WB/IMF TDR) as the US Representative of the African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer (AORTIC), and as Director and Chairman of the National Cancer Center of DRC.

Kashala has over 32 years of clinical research and medical practice, and performance in the biopharmaceutical industry, hospital settings, and academia worldwide. He is a pathologist, oncologist and cancer research specialist who has conducted clinical research with major cancer centers in the United States, including the US National Cancer Institutes (NCI) at the National Instutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, the Lombardi Cancer un Washington DC, the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and the Kaplan Comprehensive Cancer Center in New York City, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center in Philadelphia, University of Pittsburg Cancer Center and UPMC Cancer Center in Pittsburgh, Duke University Cancer Center and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center in North Carolina, Rush University Cancer Center and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center in Chicago, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Vanderbuilt Ingham Cancer Center, Jonsson Kaplan Cancer Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, UNMC Eppley Cancer Center, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center in La Jolla, California, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center in San Francisco, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center in Rochester, Minnesota, University of Alabama in Birmingham Cancer Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Massachusetts General Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Centers, in Boston, etc.

Additionally, Kashala has worked with various cancer centers in the European Union (Hopital Saint Antoine, Institut Gustave Roussy, in Paris) and South-East Asia. His expertise in clinical research has enabled him to work closely with regulatory agencies in the US (FDA), the European Union (EMAE), and national regulatory authorities in France (Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé or “AFSSAPS”), Sweden (Sweden's Medical Products Agency), to name a few. Kashala is an oncology and infectious diseases drug development expert, using highly sophisticated and innovative technologies to select patients most suited for chemotherapy or biological therapy.

Kahala's research has spanned many years and has involved some deadliest diseases such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, malaria, dengue, trypanosomiasis, tuberculosis, anthrax, etc. He has worked in several capacities with the governments, including the Philippines, Thailand, the Republic of China, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Niger, Central African Republic, Burma, Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, Uganda, Zambia, and DRC.

Recently, Kashala has deployed efforts towards strengthening healthcare systems and infrastructure and entrepreneurial leadership in life science in Africa. He has launched an initiative for the building of a multibillion-dollar regional cancer center, and biotechnology research park in Kumasi in collaboration with US academic centers and hospitals, including Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Kumasi and Afrigentech Company, Limited, a premier life science company co-founded by him in Ghana in 2020.

Kahala's subsequent involvement in healthcare extended to the private healthcare system, where he initiated the Project on Modernization of MAB International Hospital in Accra. At MAB International Hospital, he created the medical and surgical oncology departments, cutting-edge clinical research department, and clinical laboratories, including molecular diagnostics laboratories and biospecimen repositories. Kashala is now the Chairman of the Medical and Surgical Oncology Departments at MAB International Hospital and Director of Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine Laboratories.

Philanthropy

Kashala has been very active in the area of humanitarian aid and philanthropy. In 1988, while DRC had strained medical healthcare and lacked adequate diagnostic equipment and highly trained scientists/physicians, Kashala managed to raise awareness of DRC’s health crisis and obtained a donation of over two hundred thousand dollars in medical equipment from Abbott Laboratories - Abbott Park, North Chicago, Illinois (USA). This opportunity opened the way to several clinical and translational studies to address the etiological role of the hepatitis B virus in primary liver cancer in central Africa, the interactions between hepatitis B virus and HIV in Africans infected with both viruses, and the biological, clinical and diagnostic significance of HIV-1, human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) or HTLV-2 in patients infected with mycobacterium leprae (leprosy).[42]

Kashala awarded the Abbott Laboratories donation to GECAMINES Hospitals, then DRC mining company. He had forged a research collaboration between GECAMINES and Harvard University. The grant allowed real-time diagnosis of some of the most prevalent infectious diseases. It established an automated biological diagnosis system for several cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma, the most prevalent and deadliest cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Kashala’s efforts to bring value to students, their teachers, and patients led him to deploy significant efforts under the leadership of Professor Max Essex and colleagues to build the human capacity at the Kinshasa University Medical School by awarding full fellowship to Congolese doctors and technicians for training in various medical and scientific disciplines at Harvard University. In addition, several modern laboratories were built and equipped under grants from the US National Health Institutes, The Rockefeller Foundation, and Harvard University. These efforts were extended to GECAMINES hospitals under a special academic contract for research and training of GECAMINES physicians in HIV/AIDS and hepatitis viruses immunology, molecular biology, and pathobiology.

In addition to his passion for healthcare and innovation in medical sciences, Kashala expended significant efforts under the Harold Michael Kashala Foundation for Global Health and Partnership, Inc., a US tax-exempt charitable non-government organization to seek assistance from biopharmaceutical companies, US medical schools, and the US Government for high-end hospital and laboratory equipment for DRC. The donations allow the conduct of high-level clinical, translational and comparative research using biomedical technology platforms, including genomics, proteomics, epigenomics, bio-molecular signaling and sensing, bioinformatics, molecular pathology, etc. Kashala donated over one million dollars in medical and scientific equipment from Millennium Pharmaceuticals, The Takeda Oncology Company (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA), and others to the Catholic University of Graben in Butembo, DRC.

The Democratic Republic of Congo had been the epicenter of chronic violence of unprecedented proportion, especially gender-based violence. In addition, the country has witnessed one of the most significant mortality rates due to violence and its repercussion on society. DRC lost over 5 million of its citizens in less than 6 years in 2006, prompting the world to declare it the world's hottest killing zone. To curb the expected pre- and post-electoral violence and save lives, Kashala’s vision of DRC’s stability focused on credible and transparent elections and a more disciplined and professional Congolese security and military force.

As a presidential candidate, Kashala traveled extensively to the European Union, Belgium,[43] and the United States[11] to raise awareness of the potential for violence and to advocate for conflict alertness, prevention, and intervention. Furthermore, a key objective of his visits was to emphasize the critical value of security sector reform. Kashala was able to address the European Parliament and meet with the leadership of the United States Senate and House on the crucial funding needed to support democratic and free elections in DRC and was able to push for Congo Funds for free and fair elections and military reform in DRC, “two key priorities if DRC is to make a successful transition to democratic rule and bring peace, stability and economic development to one of the largest nations in Africa.”

His efforts were instrumental in securing an amendment to the Iraq Supplemental Appropriations bill to provide $13.2 million in critical funding for DRC). "I commend the entire United States Senate, especially Senators Obama and Leahy, for approving this critical funding, said Dr. Kashala. This money will be put to good use in the DR Congo to help ensure free and fair elections and will begin the process of stabilizing our country. In my meetings in Washington this week, I have been pleased at the United States interest in and concern for DRC. I intend to continue to work with the United States to encourage support for the Congo."[44]

Kashala has authored several peer-review papers and book chapters.

Awards and Recognition

Kashala is the recipient of prestigious national and international awards, including WHO, NIH/NCI Fogarty Center, and US Government O-Visa determination for exceptional ability in sciences. He received the National Republican Congressional award and DR Congo Mwana Mboka Prize.

Personal Life

Kashala is married to Prudence Kashala. They have raised a family of 6 children. He has been married to Elizabeth Essex since 1967. They have two daughters and five grandchildren.[4]

References

  1. ↑ Winterer '71, Jim (2009-10-07). "Physician and Congolese presidential candidate to discuss 'Ethics and Rule of Law in African Leadership' Oct. 15" (in en-US). https://news.stthomas.edu/physician-and-congolese-presidential-candidate-to-discuss-ethics-and-rule-of-law-in-african-leadership-oct-15/. 
  2. ↑ Stawart, Delmar Thomas C. (2012-09-12) (in English). Oscar Kashala. Dicho. ISBN 978-620-1-74238-3. https://www.amazon.de/Oscar-Kashala-Delmar-Thomas-Stawart/dp/6201742387. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Avid Bioservices Inc (CDMO): Selectikine (Merck-KGaA/Germany lic. fro..." (in en). https://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/read_msg.aspx?message_id=138529646. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Bispecific Antibodies – Dual Targeting". https://www.worldpreclinicalcongress.com/Cancer-Immunotherapy-Combinations/16/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 N.V, Affimed (2015-06-23). "Affimed Announces Opening of US Operations and Key US-based Hires" (in en). https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/06/23/746579/0/en/Affimed-Announces-Opening-of-US-Operations-and-Key-US-based-Hires.html. 
  6. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Sundaram, Anjan (2006-08-23). "U.N. Brokers Cease-Fire as Congo Vote Turns Violent" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/23/world/africa/23congo.html. 
  7. ↑ "Democratic Republic of Congo COIS Report October 2006". https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4565763b2.pdf. 
  8. ↑ Snow, Keith Harmon (2007-08-09). "Behind the Scenes: Warlords' Deadly Battle in Congo" (in en-US). https://towardfreedom.org/story/archives/africa-archives/behind-the-scenes-warlords-deadly-battle-in-congo/. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Country Of Origin Information (COI) Report". https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4f5dbb9b2.pdf. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 ISSAfrica.org (2011-05-11). "A Changing Political Landscape in the DRC" (in en). https://issafrica.org/iss-today/a-changing-political-landscape-in-the-drc. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 FITA, Cheik. "ENROLEMENT DU CANDIDAT PRESIDENT DR KASHALA, REACTIONS DE LA FEDERATION UREC-ANADER EUROPE - cheikfitanews-info en ligne des congolais de belgique" (in fr). http://cheikfitanews.over-blog.net/article-enrolement-du-candidat-president-dr-kashala-reactions-de-la-federation-urec-anader-europe-79606254.html. 
  12. ↑ "Union Pour La Réconstruction Du Congo (UREC)" (in en-GB). https://liberal-international.org/members/urec_congo/. 
  13. ↑ "Logistics hurdles could force Congo polls delay" (in en). Reuters. 2011-10-19. https://www.reuters.com/article/congo-democratic-election-idUSL5E7LJ3U420111019. 
  14. ↑ "RDC-Elections: 11 candidats à la présidentielle de 2011" (in fr). 2011-09-12. https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2011/09/12/rdc-elections-12-candidats-a-la-presidentielle-de-2011. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "DR Congo: Letters to Presidential Candidates on Conduct During Elections" (in en). 2011-10-28. https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/10/28/dr-congo-letters-presidential-candidates-conduct-during-elections. 
  16. ↑ "DRC Presidential Candidate Doctor Oscar Kashal" (in en-US). 2011-04-21. https://www.nyuafricahouse.org/events-index/drc-presidential-candidate-doctor-oscar-kashal. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "DRC Elections - Carter Center". https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/drc-112811-elections-final-rpt.pdf. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Harvard doctor may prove Congo powerbroker" (in en). 2006-08-03. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna14166369. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 "MD’s bid to lead Congo fails" (in en-US). https://www.telegram.com/story/news/local/east-valley/2006/08/23/md-s-bid-to-lead/53059701007/. 
  20. ↑ Sanders, Edmund (2006-08-01). "U.S. Outsider Surprises Congo" (in en-US). https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-aug-01-fg-congo1-story.html. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Boston, 677 Huntington Avenue; Ma 02115 (2011-12-01). "Oscar Kashala: A Purposeful Life" (in en-us). https://aids.harvard.edu/oscar-kashala/. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "C&L: Lindsay Steps Down At Ardana". https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/c-l-lindsay-steps-down-at-ardana. 
  23. ↑ "Oscar Kashala Affimed Inc. [LSUS Life-Sciences-USA.com - The Transatlantic Life Sciences Web Portal"]. https://www.life-sciences-usa.com/person/kashala-oscar-affimed-201506-inc-group-persons-people-2001-14892.html. 
  24. ↑ "Report Of The Attorney General To The Congress Of The United States". https://www.fara.gov/reports/June30-2006.pdf. 
  25. ↑ "A Healer Drawn Home To Congo". https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2006/04/12/a-healer-drawn-home-to-congo/36908ae3-20d0-4edf-a09d-aadb0cd63013/?utm_term=.23f3e99856bd. 
  26. ↑ "Powerchina Nuclear Engineering Company Limited: Zhang Shitao, President Met With Mr. Oscar Kashala, Board Chair Of Global Enterprise Services Group Co, Ltd.". https://www.powerchina-ne.com/English/Foreground/ThirdContentInfo.aspx?cid=26&id=776. 
  27. ↑ "Travail pratique : Etude du marché politique d’un homme politique" (in fr). https://bonard-maboka.blog4ever.com/travail-pratique-etude-du-marche-politique-dun-homme-politique. 
  28. ↑ "Kashala Is Wanted By Police In Kinshasa". https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/kashala-is-wanted-by-police-in-kinshasa-279178. 
  29. ↑ AFP/AP, Erika Gibson and. "'SA mercenaries' were unarmed" (in en-US). https://www.news24.com/news24/sa-mercenaries-were-unarmed-20060524. 
  30. ↑ "DR Congo poll crucial for Africa" (in en-GB). 2006-11-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5209428.stm. 
  31. ↑ "Harvard doctor may prove Congo powerbroker" (in en). 2006-08-03. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna14166369. 
  32. ↑ "International Election Observation Mission To Democratic Republic Of Congo 2006". https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/drc-2006-final-rpt.pdf. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Congo government intimidating candidates- observers - Democratic Republic of the Congo | ReliefWeb" (in en). 2006-07-12. https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/congo-government-intimidating-candidates-observers. 
  34. ↑ "DRC Poll Campaigns Under Way Amid Fears Of Pre-rigging, Violence". https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/94137/analysis-drc-poll-campaigns-under-way-amid-fears-pre-rigging-violence. 
  35. ↑ "Un candidat félicite Joseph Kabila pour sa victoire" (in fr-FR). 2011-12-18. https://afriquinfos.com/afrique-centrale/r-d-congo/afrique-centrale-193151/. 
  36. ↑ "William Francis Galvin". https://corp.sec.state.ma.us/CorpWeb/CorpSearch/CorpSummary.aspx?sysvalue=bX4ydzaDQgVzjByozsePkjLBWs0LkBNbUhM4xy_vuPI-. 
  37. ↑ Kashala, O.; Marlink, R.; Ilunga, M.; Diese, M.; Gormus, B.; Xu, K.; Mukeba, P.; Kasongo, K. et al. (February 1994). "Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T cell lymphotropic viruses among leprosy patients and contacts: correlation between HIV-1 cross-reactivity and antibodies to lipoarabinomannan". The Journal of Infectious Diseases 169 (2): 296–304. doi:10.1093/infdis/169.2.296. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 7906291. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7906291/. 
  38. ↑ "Humoral Aspects Of Anti-HIV Immune Responses In Zairians With AIDS: Lower Antigenemia Does Not Correlate With Immune Complex Levels". https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8471316/. 
  39. ↑ "Isotypic Distribution Of HIV-1-specific Antibodies In Individuals From Central Africa". https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1472277/. 
  40. ↑ "CTG Labs - NCBI". https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00925548?tab=history&a=5. 
  41. ↑ "STRIDE - STimulating Immune Response In aDvanced brEast Cancer - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov" (in en). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00925548. 
  42. ↑ "Vol. 169, No. 3, Mar., 1994 of The Journal of Infectious Diseases on JSTOR" (in en). https://www.jstor.org/stable/i30113763. 
  43. ↑ "Chambre Des Représentants De Belgique. Informations Parlementaires". https://www.lachambre.be/doc/PMIP/pdf/51/ip129f.pdf. 
  44. ↑ "Congo Vision : Nouvelles visions pour le Congo et l'Afrique". http://www.congovision.com/forum/oscar_kashala1.html. 
Retrieved from "http://en.wikialpha.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Oscar_Kashala&oldid=373209"